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Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer has a unique representation as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers. Once this has been shown, it's natural to ask how many summands are needed. Using a continued fraction approach,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2010-08-20 Murat Kologlu , Gene Kopp , Steven J. Miller , Yinghui Wang

Zeckendorf's theorem states that every positive integer can be written uniquely as the sum of non-consecutive shifted Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}$, where we take $F_1=1$ and $F_2=2$. This has been generalized for any Positive Linear…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-05 Thomas C. Martinez , Steven J. Miller , Clayton Mizgerd , Chenyang Sun

An equivalent definition of the Fibonacci numbers is that they are the unique sequence such that every integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent terms. We can view this as we have bins of length 1, we can take at most one…

Zeckendorf's theorem states that every positive integer can be written uniquely as the sum of non-consecutive shifted Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}$, where we take $F_1=1$ and $F_2=2$. This has been generalized for any Positive Linear…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-05 Thomas C. Martinez , Steven J. Miller , Clayton Mizgerd , Jack Murphy , Chenyang Sun

We present a multidimensional generalization of Zeckendorf's Theorem (any positive integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers) to a large family of linear recurrences. This extends work of Anderson and…

Zeckendorf's Theorem states that any positive integer can be uniquely decomposed into a sum of distinct, non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers. There are many generalizations, including results on existence of decompositions using only even…

As a variant of Zeckendorf's theorem, Chung and Graham proved that every positive integer can be uniquely decomposed into a sum of even-indexed Fibonacci numbers, whose coefficients are either $0, 1$, or $2$ so that between two coefficients…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-01-08 Hung Viet Chu , Aney Manish Kanji , Zachary Louis Vasseur

Zeckendorf's theorem states that every positive integer can be uniquely decomposed into nonadjacent Fibonacci numbers. On the other hand, Chung and Graham proved that every positive integer can be uniquely written as a sum of even-indexed…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-04-30 Lucas Bustos , Hung Viet Chu , Minchae Kim , Uihyeon Lee , Shreya Shankar , Garrett Tresch

Zeckendorf's theorem states that any positive integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers; this result has been generalized to many recurrence relations, especially those arising from linear recurrences with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-07-04 Minerva Catral , Pari L. Ford , Pamela E. Harris , Steven J. Miller , Dawn Nelson

Given a recurrence sequence $H$, with $H_n = c_1 H_{n-1} + \dots + c_t H_{n-t}$ where $c_i \in \mathbb{N}_0$ for all $i$ and $c_1, c_t \geq 1$, the generalized Zeckendorf decomposition (gzd) of $m \in \mathbb{N}_0$ is the unique…

By Zeckendorf's Theorem, every positive integer is uniquely written as a sum of non-adjacent terms of the Fibonacci sequence, and its converse states that if a sequence in the positive integers has this property, it must be the Fibonacci…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-07-06 Sungkon Chang

By Zeckendorf's Theorem, every positive integer is uniquely written as a sum of distinct non-adjacent Fibonacci terms. In this paper, we investigate the asymptotic formula of the number of binary expansions $<x$ that have no adjacent terms,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-08-25 Sungkon Chang

It is well known that every positive integer can be expressed as a sum of nonconsecutive Fibonacci numbers provided the Fibonacci numbers satisfy $F_n =F_{n-1}+F_{n-2}$ for $n\geq 3$, $F_1 =1$ and $F_2 =2$. In this paper, for any…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-02-06 Daniel Gotshall , Pamela E. Harris , Dawn Nelson , Maria D. Vega , Cameron Voigt

Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer has a unique partition as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers. We study the difference between the number of summands in the partition of two consecutive integers. In particular, let…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-10-30 Hung Viet Chu

Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer has a unique partition as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers. Similarly, every natural number can be partitioned into a sum of non-consecutive terms of the Lucas sequence, although such…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-31 Hung V. Chu , David C. Luo , Steven J. Miller

We study $B(n;k)$, the number of ways of writing $n$ as a sum or difference of the first $k$ Fibonacci numbers. We show that $B(0;k)$ satisfies the Tribonacci-like recurrence $B(0;k+1)=B(0;k)+B(0;k-1)+B(0;k-2)$ and that $B(n;k)$ satisfies a…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-04-20 Katie Anders , Madeline L. Dawsey , Joseph Vandehey

Let $G, G_1,\dots,G_N$ be independent copies of a standard gaussian random vector in $\mathbb{R}^d$ and denote by $\Gamma = \sum_{i=1}^N \langle G_i,\cdot\rangle e_i$ the standard gaussian ensemble. We show that, for any set $A\subset…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-19 Daniel Bartl , Shahar Mendelson

Generalized octagonal numbers are those $p_8(x)=x(3x-2)$ with $x\in\mathbb Z$. In this paper we mainly show that every positive integer can be written as the sum of four generalized octagonal numbers one of which is odd. This result is…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2015-12-18 Zhi-Wei Sun

The Fibonacci numbers satisfy the famous recurrence $F_n = F_{n - 1} + F_{n - 2}$. The theory of C-finite sequences ensures that the Fibonacci numbers whose indices are divisible by $m$, namely $F_{mn}$, satisfy a similar recurrence for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-01 Robert Dougherty-Bliss

We prove a central limit theorem for non-commutative random variables in a von Neumann algebra with a tracial state: Any non-commutative polynomial of averages of i.i.d. samples converges to a classical limit. The proof is based on a…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2019-09-16 Greg Kuperberg