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Graph neural network models have been extensively used to learn node representations for graph structured data in an end-to-end setting. These models often rely on localized first order approximations of spectral graph convolutions and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Mohammed Haroon Dupty , Wee Sun Lee

The Bethe approximation, or loopy belief propagation algorithm is a successful method for approximating partition functions of probabilistic models associated with a graph. Chertkov and Chernyak derived an interesting formula called Loop…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2009-11-14 Yusuke Watanabe , Kenji Fukumizu

We introduce novel results for approximate inference on planar graphical models using the loop calculus framework. The loop calculus (Chertkov and Chernyak, 2006b) allows to express the exact partition function Z of a graphical model as a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-08-12 Vicenc Gomez , Hilbert Kappen , Michael Chertkov

In this paper we present a synthesis of the work performed on two inference algorithms: the Pearl's belief propagation (BP) algorithm applied to Bayesian networks without loops (i.e. polytree) and the Loopy belief propagation (LBP)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-06-06 Amen Ajroud , Mohamed Nazih Omri , Habib Youssef , Salem Benferhat

Bayesian inference methods are useful in infectious diseases modeling due to their capability to propagate uncertainty, manage sparse data, incorporate latent structures, and address high-dimensional parameter spaces. However, parameter…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-29 Xiahui Li , Fergus Chadwick , Ben Swallow

Cyberattacks on enterprise networks exploit complex dependencies among infrastructure, services, and applications, which challenge traditional analysis methods that focus on attack paths or network topology in isolation. In this study, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Joni Herttuainen , Vesa Kuikka , Kimmo K. Kaski

We present a framework for bridging the gap between sensor attack detection and recovery in cyber-physical systems. The proposed framework models modern-day, complex perception pipelines as bipartite graphs, which combined with anomaly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Axel Andersson , György Dán

While attack graphs are useful for identifying major cybersecurity threats affecting a system, they do not provide operational support for determining the likelihood of having a known vulnerability exploited, or that critical system nodes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Francesco Vitale , Simone Guarino , Stefano Perone , Massimiliano Rak , Nicola Mazzocca

We present a novel inference algorithm for arbitrary, binary, undirected graphs. Unlike loopy belief propagation, which iterates fixed point equations, we directly descend on the Bethe free energy. The algorithm consists of two phases,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-14 Max Welling , Yee Whye Teh

Many network analysis and graph learning techniques are based on models of random walks which require to infer transition matrices that formalize the underlying stochastic process in an observed graph. For weighted graphs, it is common to…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-28 Vincenzo Perri , Luka V. Petrović , Ingo Scholtes

In order to improve the resilience of computer infrastructure against cyber attacks and finding ways to mitigate their impact we need to understand their structure and dynamics. Here we propose a novel network-based influence spreading…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Vesa Kuikka , Lauri Pykälä , Tuomas Takko , Kimmo Kaski

Undirected graphical models are a widely used class of probabilistic models in machine learning that capture prior knowledge or putative pairwise interactions between variables. Those interactions are encoded in a graph for pairwise…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-21 Grégoire Sergeant-Perthuis , Toby St Clere Smithe , Léo Boitel

Belief propagation is known to perform extremely well in many practical statistical inference and learning problems using graphical models, even in the presence of multiple loops. The iterative use of belief propagation algorithm on loopy…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-02-13 Xiangqiong Shi , Dan Schonfeld , Daniela Tuninetti

Attack graphs are a tool for analyzing security vulnerabilities that capture different and prospective attacks on a system. As a threat modeling tool, it shows possible paths that an attacker can exploit to achieve a particular goal.…

Belief propagation is a fundamental message-passing algorithm for probabilistic reasoning and inference in graphical models. While it is known to be exact on trees, in most applications belief propagation is run on graphs with cycles.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Frederic Koehler

Graph generative diffusion models have recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for generating complex graph structures, effectively capturing intricate dependencies and relationships within graph data. However, the privacy risks associated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Xiuling Wang , Xin Huang , Guibo Luo , Jianliang Xu

Attack paths are the potential chain of malicious activities an attacker performs to compromise network assets and acquire privileges through exploiting network vulnerabilities. Attack path analysis helps organizations to identify…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Houssem Jmal , Firas Ben Hmida , Nardine Basta , Muhammad Ikram , Mohamed Ali Kaafar , Andy Walker

Estimating conditional independence graphs from high-dimensional Gaussian data is challenging because methods must detect relevant edges while rigorously controlling statistical errors. We propose a Bayesian framework based on a prior…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-21 Roland B. Sogan , Tabea Rebafka , Fanny Villers

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have exhibited exceptional efficacy in a diverse array of applications. However, the sheer size of large-scale graphs presents a significant challenge to real-time inference with GNNs. Although existing Scalable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Xinyi Gao , Wentao Zhang , Junliang Yu , Yingxia Shao , Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen , Bin Cui , Hongzhi Yin

We present a new inference method based on approximate Bayesian computation for estimating parameters governing an entire network based on link-traced samples of that network. To do this, we first take summary statistics from an observed…

Computation · Statistics 2017-01-17 Jack Davis , Steven K. Thompson