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We use likelihood informed dimension reduction (LIS) (T. Cui et al. 2014) for inverting vertical profile information of atmospheric methane from ground based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements at Sodankyl\"a, Northern Finland.…

Computation · Statistics 2019-05-09 Otto Lamminpää , Marko Laine , Simo Tukiainen , Johanna Tamminen

Dimension Estimation (DE) and Dimension Reduction (DR) are two closely related topics, but with quite different goals. In DE, one attempts to estimate the intrinsic dimensionality or number of latent variables in a set of measurements of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Nitish Bahadur , Randy Paffenroth

Often the relation between the variables constituting a multivariate data space might be characterized by one or more of the terms: ``nonlinear'', ``branched'', ``disconnected'', ``bended'', ``curved'', ``heterogeneous'', or, more general,…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-09-12 Jochen Einbeck , Ludger Evers , Coryn Bailer-Jones

We introduce a new perspective on spectral dimensionality reduction which views these methods as Gaussian Markov random fields (GRFs). Our unifying perspective is based on the maximum entropy principle which is in turn inspired by maximum…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-01-05 Neil D. Lawrence

Manifold learning (ML) aims to seek low-dimensional embedding from high-dimensional data. The problem is challenging on real-world datasets, especially with under-sampling data, and we find that previous methods perform poorly in this case.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Zelin Zang , Siyuan Li , Di Wu , Ge Wang , Lei Shang , Baigui Sun , Hao Li , Stan Z. Li

Frozen pretrained image representations are widely used for transfer learning: a backbone is kept fixed, feature vectors are extracted, and a lightweight classifier is trained on top. This pipeline usually feeds the full feature vector to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Indar Kumar , Girish Karhana , Sai Krishna Jasti , Ankit Hemant Lade

Recently, a variety of approaches has been enriching the field of Remote Sensing (RS) image processing and analysis. Unfortunately, existing methods remain limited faced to the rich spatio-spectral content of today's large datasets. It…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-08-15 Amina Ben Hamida , A Benoit , Patrick Lambert , Chokri Ben Amar

Since its introduction in 2000, the locally linear embedding (LLE) has been widely applied in data science. We provide an asymptotical analysis of the LLE under the manifold setup. We show that for the general manifold, asymptotically we…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-08-04 Hau-Tieng Wu , Nan Wu

Spectral Embedding (SE) has often been used to map data points from non-linear manifolds to linear subspaces for the purpose of classification and clustering. Despite significant advantages, the subspace structure of data in the original…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Hira Yaseen , Arif Mahmood

Network embedding aims to learn low-dimensional representations of nodes in a network, while the network structure and inherent properties are preserved. It has attracted tremendous attention recently due to significant progress in…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-06-14 Jie Zhang , Yan Wang , Jie Tang , Ming Ding

Regularized linear discriminant analysis (RLDA) is a widely used tool for classification and dimensionality reduction, but its performance in high-dimensional scenarios is inconsistent. Existing theoretical analyses of RLDA often lack clear…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-23 Yonghan Zhang , Zhangni Pu , Lu Yan , Jiang Hu

Dimension-reduction techniques can greatly improve statistical inference in astronomy. A standard approach is to use Principal Components Analysis (PCA). In this work we apply a recently-developed technique, diffusion maps, to astronomical…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-02-11 Joseph W. Richards , Peter E. Freeman , Ann B. Lee , Chad M. Schafer

This paper presents an unsupervised deep-learning framework named Local Deep-Feature Alignment (LDFA) for dimension reduction. We construct neighbourhood for each data sample and learn a local Stacked Contractive Auto-encoder (SCAE) from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-23 Jian Zhang , Jun Yu , Dacheng Tao

We investigate the generalization properties of dense text embeddings when the embedding backbone is a large language model (LLM) versus when it is a non-LLM encoder, and we study the extent to which spherical linear interpolation (SLERP)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Siyaxolisa Kabane

Massive Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) systems enable higher data rates in the downlink (DL) with spatial multiplexing achieved by forming narrow beams. The higher DL data rates are achieved by effective implementation of spatial…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-26 K. Sai Praneeth , Anil Kumar Yerrapragada , Achyuth Sagireddi , Sai Prasad , Radha Krishna Ganti

Large-scale multimodal contrastive learning has recently achieved impressive success in learning rich and transferable representations, yet it remains fundamentally limited by the uniform treatment of feature dimensions and the neglect of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Jinjin Guo , Yexin Li , Zhichao Huang , Jun Fang , Zhiyuan Liu , Chao Liu , Pengzhang Liu , Qixia Jiang

Embedding techniques have become essential components of large databases in the deep learning era. By encoding discrete entities, such as words, items, or graph nodes, into continuous vector spaces, embeddings facilitate more efficient…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Shiwei Li , Zhuoqi Hu , Xing Tang , Haozhao Wang , Shijie Xu , Weihong Luo , Yuhua Li , Xiuqiang He , Ruixuan Li

Dimensionality reduction algorithms like principal component analysis (PCA) are workhorses of machine learning and neuroscience, but each has well-known limitations. Variants of PCA are simple and interpretable, but not flexible enough to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 John J. Vastola , Samuel J. Gershman , Kanaka Rajan

Data are not only ubiquitous in society, but are increasingly complex both in size and dimensionality. Dimension reduction offers researchers and scholars the ability to make such complex, high dimensional data spaces simpler and more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Philip D. Waggoner

Non-linear dimensionality reduction can be performed by \textit{manifold learning} approaches, such as Stochastic Neighbour Embedding (SNE), Locally Linear Embedding (LLE) and Isometric Feature Mapping (ISOMAP). These methods aim to produce…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-09 Theodoulos Rodosthenous , Vahid Shahrezaei , Marina Evangelou