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In this article we study the problem of quantifying the uncertainty in an experiment with a technical system. We propose new density estimates which combine observed data of the technical system and simulated data from an (imperfect)…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-12-21 Sebastian Kersting , Michael Kohler

Precisely tracking uncertainties is crucial for robots to successfully and safely operate in unstructured and dynamic environments. We present a probabilistic framework to precisely keep track of uncertainties throughout the entire…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-01-07 Huy Nguyen , Quang-Cuong Pham

This paper proposes an analytical framework for modelling resource contention in multi-robot systems, where the travel times and task durations are uncertain. It uses several approximation methods to quickly and accurately calculate the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Andrew W. Palmer , Andrew J. Hill , Steven J. Scheding

Construction projects frequently experience schedule delays and forecasting uncertainty due to variability in labor productivity, material availability, weather conditions, and project coordination. Conventional deterministic scheduling…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Atena Khoshkonesh , Mohsen Mohammadagha , Vinayak Kaushal , Navid Ebrahimi

Software effort estimation in the early stages of the software life cycle is one of the most essential and daunting tasks for project managers. In this research, a new model based on non-linear regression analysis is proposed to predict…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Ali Bou Nassif , Manar AbuTaleb , Luiz Fernando Capretz

The vast majority of stochastic simulation models are imperfect in that they fail to exactly emulate real system dynamics. The inexactness of the simulation model, or model discrepancy, can impact the predictive accuracy and usefulness of…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-07-21 Matthew Plumlee , Henry Lam

Effort estimation is a key factor for software project success, defined as delivering software of agreed quality and functionality within schedule and budget. Traditionally, effort estimation has been used for planning and tracking project…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-01-24 Adam Trendowicz , Jürgen Münch , Ross Jeffery

Software systems are widely observed to grow in size, complexity, and interdependence over time, yet many large-scale systems remain stable despite persistent structural burden. This apparent tension suggests a limitation in one-dimensional…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Masaru Furukawa

The effort invested in a software project is probably one of the most important and most analyzed variables in recent years in the process of project management. The limitation of algorithmic effort prediction models is their inability to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2013-10-22 Sumeet Kaur Sehra , Yadwinder Singh Brar , Navdeep Kaur

As demand for computer software continually increases, software scope and complexity become higher than ever. The software industry is in real need of accurate estimates of the project under development. Software development effort…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-06 Halcyon D. P. Carvalho , Marília N. C. A. Lima , Wylliams B. Santos , Roberta A. de A. Fagunde

In stochastic simulation, input uncertainty refers to the output variability arising from the statistical noise in specifying the input models. This uncertainty can be measured by a variance contribution in the output, which, in the…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-20 Henry Lam , Huajie Qian

Software effort estimation at early stages of project development holds great significance for the industry to meet the competitive demands of today's world. Accuracy, reliability and precision in the estimates of effort are quite…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2010-04-20 Vishal Sharma , Harsh Kumar Verma

Neural networks predictions are unreliable when the input sample is out of the training distribution or corrupted by noise. Being able to detect such failures automatically is fundamental to integrate deep learning algorithms into robotics.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Antonio Loquercio , Mattia Segù , Davide Scaramuzza

A new approach for uncertainty management for fuzzy, rule based decision support systems is proposed: The domain expert's knowledge is expressed by a set of rules that frequently refer to vague and uncertain propositions. The certainty of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-04-10 Christoph F. Eick

Monte Carlo methods to evaluate and maximize the likelihood function enable the construction of confidence intervals and hypothesis tests, facilitating scientific investigation using models for which the likelihood function is intractable.…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-02-13 Edward L. Ionides , Carles Breto , Joonha Park , Richard A. Smith , Aaron A. King

As large language models (LLMs) continue to evolve, understanding and quantifying the uncertainty in their predictions is critical for enhancing application credibility. However, the existing literature relevant to LLM uncertainty…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Hsiu-Yuan Huang , Yutong Yang , Zhaoxi Zhang , Sanwoo Lee , Yunfang Wu

This study employs a simulation-based approach, adapting the waterfall model, to provide estimates for software project and individual phase completion times. Additionally, it pinpoints potential efficiency issues stemming from suboptimal…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Antonios Saravanos , Matthew X. Curinga

Reliable effort estimation remains an ongoing challenge to software engineers. Accurate effort estimation is the state of art of software engineering, effort estimation of software is the preliminary phase between the client and the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2010-04-09 Saleem Basha , Dhavachelvan Ponnurangam

Statistical uncertainties complicate engineering design -- confounding regulated design approaches, and degrading the performance of reliability efforts. The simplest means to tackle this uncertainty is double loop simulation; a nested…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-11-02 Zachary del Rosario , Richard W. Fenrich , Gianluca Iaccarino

ML models have errors when used for predictions. The errors are unknown but can be quantified by model uncertainty. When multiple ML models are trained using the same training points, their model uncertainties may be statistically…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-23 Xiaoping Du