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Large language models perform well on many logical reasoning benchmarks, but it remains unclear which core logical skills they truly master. To address this, we introduce LogicSkills, a benchmark that isolates three fundamental logical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Brian Rabern , Philipp Mondorf , Barbara Plank

This work attempts to explain the types of computation that neural networks can perform by relating them to automata. We first define what it means for a real-time network with bounded precision to accept a language. A measure of network…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-06 William Merrill

In this paper, we introduce a type of tensor neural network. For the first time, we propose its numerical integration scheme and prove the computational complexity to be the polynomial scale of the dimension. Based on the tensor product…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-07-24 Yifan Wang , Pengzhan Jin , Hehu Xie

The groundbreaking performance of deep neural networks (NNs) promoted a surge of interest in providing a mathematical basis to deep learning theory. Low-rank tensor decompositions are specially befitting for this task due to their close…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Ricardo Borsoi , Konstantin Usevich , Marianne Clausel

We propose trace logic, an instance of many-sorted first-order logic, to automate the partial correctness verification of programs containing loops. Trace logic generalizes semantics of program locations and captures loop semantics by…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-08-07 Pamina Georgiou , Bernhard Gleiss , Laura Kovács

To what extent can a neural network systematically reason over symbolic facts? Evidence suggests that large pre-trained language models (LMs) acquire some reasoning capacity, but this ability is difficult to control. Recently, it has been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Alon Talmor , Oyvind Tafjord , Peter Clark , Yoav Goldberg , Jonathan Berant

We consider the problem of answering queries about formulas of first-order logic based on background knowledge partially represented explicitly as other formulas, and partially represented as examples independently drawn from a fixed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Vaishak Belle , Brendan Juba

We introduce neural Markov logic networks (NMLNs), a statistical relational learning system that borrows ideas from Markov logic. Like Markov logic networks (MLNs), NMLNs are an exponential-family model for modelling distributions over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Giuseppe Marra , Ondřej Kuželka

Differentiable logic networks (DLNs) have shown promising results in tabular domains by combining accuracy, interpretability, and computational efficiency. In this work, we apply DLNs to the domain of TSC for the first time, focusing on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Chang Yue , Niraj K. Jha

A plausible definition of "reasoning" could be "algebraically manipulating previously acquired knowledge in order to answer a new question". This definition covers first-order logical inference or probabilistic inference. It also includes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-02-14 Leon Bottou

Topological deep learning is a formalism that is aimed at introducing topological language to deep learning for the purpose of utilizing the minimal mathematical structures to formalize problems that arise in a generic deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Mustafa Hajij , Kyle Istvan

Neural networks can be regarded as a new programming paradigm, i.e., instead of building ever-more complex programs through (often informal) logical reasoning in the programmers' mind, complex 'AI' systems are built by optimising generic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Richard Schumi , Jun Sun

Can neural nets learn logic? We approach this classic question with current methods, and demonstrate that recurrent neural networks can learn to recognize first order logical entailment relations between expressions. We define an artificial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Mathijs Mul , Willem Zuidema

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a powerful new language of science as evidenced by recent Nobel Prizes in chemistry and physics that recognized contributions to AI applied to those areas. Yet, this new language lacks semantics, which makes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Artur d'Avila Garcez , Simon Odense

Neural networks (NNs) achieve outstanding performance in many domains; however, their decision processes are often opaque and their inference can be computationally expensive in resource-constrained environments. We recently proposed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Chang Yue , Niraj K. Jha

We study the implicit bias of gradient flow (i.e., gradient descent with infinitesimal step size) on linear neural network training. We propose a tensor formulation of neural networks that includes fully-connected, diagonal, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Chulhee Yun , Shankar Krishnan , Hossein Mobahi

The paper introduces fuzzy linguistic logic programming, which is a combination of fuzzy logic programming, introduced by P. Vojtas, and hedge algebras in order to facilitate the representation and reasoning on human knowledge expressed in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2009-04-06 Van Hung Le , Fei Liu , Dinh Khang Tran

This work describes a methodology that combines logic-based systems and connectionist systems. Our approach uses finite truth-valued {\L}ukasiewicz logic, wherein every connective can be defined by a neuron in an artificial network. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-04-13 Carlos Leandro

Classical higher-order logic, when utilized as a meta-logic in which various other (classical and non-classical) logics can be shallowly embedded, is well suited for realising a universal logic reasoning approach. Universal logic reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-03-29 Christoph Benzmüller

Knowledge could be gained from experts, specialists in the area of interest, or it can be gained by induction from sets of data. Automatic induction of knowledge from data sets, usually stored in large databases, is called data mining. Data…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2008-04-28 Saratha Sathasivam , Wan Ahmad Tajuddin Wan Abdullah