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The accurate implementation of quantum gates is essential for the realisation of quantum algorithms and digital quantum simulations. This accuracy may be increased on noisy hardware through the variational optimisation of gates, however the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Sean Greenaway , Frédéric Sauvage , Kiran E. Khosla , Florian Mintert

Benchmarking large-scale quantum gates, typically involving multiple native two-qubit and singlequbit gates, is crucial in quantum computing. Global fidelity, encompassing information about intergate correlations, offers a comprehensive…

Several logical qubits and quantum gates have been proposed for semiconductor quantum dots controlled by voltages applied to top gates. The different schemes can be difficult to compare meaningfully. Here we develop a theoretical framework…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2013-12-09 Teck Seng Koh , S. N. Coppersmith , Mark Friesen

With improved gate calibrations reducing unitary errors, we achieve a benchmarked single-qubit gate fidelity of 99.95% with superconducting qubits in a circuit quantum electrodynamics system. We present a method for distinguishing between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-13 Sarah Sheldon , Lev S. Bishop , Easwar Magesan , Stefan Filipp , Jerry M. Chow , Jay M. Gambetta

As quantum circuits become more integrated and complex, additional error sources that were previously insignificant start to emerge. Consequently, the fidelity of quantum gates benchmarked under pristine conditions falls short of predicting…

Contemporary methods for benchmarking noisy quantum processors typically measure average error rates or process infidelities. However, thresholds for fault-tolerant quantum error correction are given in terms of worst-case error rates --…

Efforts to scale-up quantum computation have reached a point where the principal limiting factor is not the number of qubits, but the entangling gate infidelity. However, the highly detailed system characterization required to understand…

The central challenge of quantum computing is implementing high-fidelity quantum gates at scale. However, many existing approaches to qubit control suffer from a scale-performance trade-off, impeding progress towards the creation of useful…

Spin systems controlled and probed by magnetic resonance have been valuable for testing the ideas of quantum control and quantum error correction. This paper introduces an X-band pulsed electron spin resonance spectrometer designed for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-25 Daniel K. Park , Guanru Feng , Robabeh Rahimi , Jonathan Baugh , Raymond Laflamme

Accurate and robust quantum process tomography (QPT) is crucial for verifying quantum gates and diagnosing implementation faults in experiments aimed at building universal quantum computers. However, the reliability of QPT protocols is…

Accurate methods of assessing the performance of quantum gates are extremely important. Quantum process tomography and randomized benchmarking are the current favored methods. Quantum process tomography gives detailed information, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-05-08 Austin G. Fowler , D. Sank , J. Kelly , R. Barends , John M. Martinis

With gate error rates in multiple technologies now below the threshold required for fault-tolerant quantum computation, the major remaining obstacle to useful quantum computation is scaling, a challenge greatly amplified by the huge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-09 Kianna Wan , Soonwon Choi , Isaac H. Kim , Noah Shutty , Patrick Hayden

We propose and validate on real quantum computing hardware a new method for extended two-qubit gate set design, replacing iterative, fine calibration with fast characterization of a small number of gate parameters which are then tracked and…

Noise remains the major obstacle to scalable quantum computation. Quantum benchmarking provides key information on noise properties and is an important step for developing more advanced quantum processors. However, current benchmarking…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-22 Yanwu Gu , Wei-Feng Zhuang , Xudan Chai , Dong E. Liu

Quantum error correction (QEC) is considered a deciding component in enabling practical quantum computing. Stabilizer codes, and in particular topological surface codes, are promising candidates for implementing QEC by redundantly encoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Josias Old , Stephan Tasler , Michael J. Hartmann , Markus Müller

Electron spin qubits in silicon are a promising platform for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Low-frequency noise, including nuclear spin fluctuations and charge noise, is a primary factor limiting gate fidelities. Suppressing this noise…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-11-13 Ning Wang , Shao-Min Wang , Run-Ze Zhang , Jia-Min Kang , Wen-Long Lu , Hai-Ou Li , Gang Cao , Bao-Chuan Wang , Guo-Ping Guo

Quantum machine learning offers promising advantages for classification tasks, but noise, decoherence, and connectivity constraints in current devices continue to limit the efficient execution of feature map-based circuits. Gate Assessment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 F. Rodríguez-Díaz , D. Gutiérrez-Avilés , A. Troncoso , F. Martínez-Álvarez

Channel spectrum benchmarking (CSB) provides a robust framework for characterizing quantum gate fidelities while remaining insensitive to state preparation and measurement (SPAM) errors. Yet, current CSB implementations encounter…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-24 D. K. Korliakov , B. I. Bantysh , A. S. Borisenko , I. V. Zalivako , E. O. Kiktenko

With the continued scaling of quantum processors, holistic benchmarks are essential for extensively evaluating device performance. Layer fidelity is a benchmark well-suited to assessing processor performance at scale. Key advantages of this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Maria Jose Lozano Palacio , Hasan Nayfeh , Matthew Ware , David C. McKay

To guarantee the normal functioning of quantum devices in different scenarios, appropriate benchmarking tool kits are quite significant. Inspired by the recent progress on quantum state verification, here we establish a general framework of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-01 Pei Zeng , You Zhou , Zhenhuan Liu