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The EM algorithm is a generic tool that offers maximum likelihood solutions when datasets are incomplete with data values missing at random or completely at random. At least for its simplest form, the algorithm can be rewritten in terms of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-25 Daniel A. Griffith

The EM algorithm is a widely used methodology for penalized likelihood estimation. Provable monotonicity and convergence are the hallmarks of the EM algorithm and these properties are well established for smooth likelihood and smooth…

Computation · Statistics 2011-06-02 Stéphane Chrétien , Alfred Hero , Hervé Perdry

We review here the recent success in quantum annealing, i.e., optimization of the cost or energy functions of complex systems utilizing quantum fluctuations. The concept is introduced in successive steps through the studies of mapping of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-09-21 Arnab Das , Bikas K. Chakrabarti

Generalising the idea of the classical EM algorithm that is widely used for computing maximum likelihood estimates, we propose an EM-Control (EM-C) algorithm for solving multi-period finite time horizon stochastic control problems. The new…

Economics · Quantitative Finance 2016-11-08 Steven Kou , Xianhua Peng , Xingbo Xu

Quantum annealing is analogous to simulated annealing with a tunneling mechanism substituting for thermal activation. Its performance has been tested in numerical simulation with mixed conclusions. There is a class of optimization problems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-07-19 Thomas Jorg , Florent Krzakala , Jorge Kurchan , A. C. Maggs

The Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm is a versatile tool for model parameter estimation in latent data models. When processing large data sets or data stream however, EM becomes intractable since it requires the whole data set to be…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-10-18 Sylvain Le Corff , Gersende Fort

Latent Gaussian models have a rich history in statistics and machine learning, with applications ranging from factor analysis to compressed sensing to time series analysis. The classical method for maximizing the likelihood of these models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Alexander Lin , Bahareh Tolooshams , Yves Atchadé , Demba Ba

Quantum error mitigation (EM) is a family of hybrid quantum-classical methods for eliminating or reducing the effect of noise and decoherence on quantum algorithms run on quantum hardware, without applying quantum error correction (EC).…

The EM-algorithm is a general procedure to get maximum likelihood estimates if part of the observations on the variables of a network are missing. In this paper a stochastic version of the algorithm is adapted to probabilistic neural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-03-26 Gerhard Paass

The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm introduced by Dempster et al in 1977 is a very general method to solve maximum likelihood estimation problems. In this informal report, we review the theory behind EM as well as a number of EM…

Computation · Statistics 2012-09-10 Alexis Roche

Quantum annealing is a heuristic optimization algorithm that exploits quantum evolution to approximately find lowest energy states. Quantum annealers have scaled up in recent years to tackle increasingly larger and more highly connected…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-04 Humberto Munoz Bauza , Daniel A. Lidar

The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is an iterative method for finding maximum likelihood estimates when data are incomplete or are treated as being incomplete. The EM algorithm and its variants are commonly used for parameter…

Computation · Statistics 2013-06-26 Ryan P. Browne , Sanjeena Subedi , Paul McNicholas

The protocol of quantum annealing is applied to an optimization problem with a one-dimensional continuous degree of freedom, a variant of the problem proposed by Shinomoto and Kabashima. The energy landscape has a number of local minima,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-23 Yang Wei Koh , Hidetoshi Nishimori

We describe a quantum algorithm that solves combinatorial optimization problems by quantum simulation of a classical simulated annealing process. Our algorithm exploits quantum walks and the quantum Zeno effect induced by evolution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-02-02 R. D. Somma , S. Boixo , H. Barnum , E. Knill

Variational quantum algorithms constitute one of the most widespread methods for using current noisy quantum computers. However, it is unknown if these heuristic algorithms provide any quantum-computational speedup, although we cannot…

Expectation Maximization (EM) is among the most popular algorithms for estimating parameters of statistical models. However, EM, which is an iterative algorithm based on the maximum likelihood principle, is generally only guaranteed to find…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-08-30 Ji Xu , Daniel Hsu , Arian Maleki

The EM algorithm is one of many important tools in the field of statistics. While often used for imputing missing data, its widespread applications include other common statistical tasks, such as clustering. In clustering, the EM algorithm…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-22 Val Andrei Fajardo , Jiaxi Liang

The Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is a popular choice for learning latent variable models. Variants of the EM have been initially introduced, using incremental updates to scale to large datasets, and using Monte Carlo (MC)…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-22 Belhal Karimi , Ping Li

Quantum annealers aim at solving non-convex optimization problems by exploiting cooperative tunneling effects to escape local minima. The underlying idea consists in designing a classical energy function whose ground states are the sought…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-12 Carlo Baldassi , Riccardo Zecchina

Quantum annealing is a computational paradigm in which optimisation problems are mapped onto the energy landscape of an interacting quantum system and explored through its dynamical evolution. By continuously transforming a simple initial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-11 Steven Abel , Andrei Constantin , Luca A. Nutricati