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We propose a Bayesian nonparametric (BNP) approach to causal inference using observational data consisting of outcome, treatment, and a set of confounders. The conditional distribution of the outcome given treatment and confounders is…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-01 Yongseok Hur , Joonhyuk Jung , Juhee Lee

Cybersecurity threats are increasingly marked by interdependence, uncertainty, and evolving complexity challenges that traditional assessment methods such as CVSS, STRIDE, and attack trees fail to adequately capture. This paper reviews the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Sangita Sridar

Noise mechanisms in quantum systems can be broadly characterized as either coherent (i.e., unitary) or incoherent. For a given fixed average error rate, coherent noise mechanisms will generally lead to a larger worst-case error than…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-29 Joel J. Wallman , Christopher Granade , Robin Harper , Steven T. Flammia

In Non - ergodic belief networks the posterior belief OF many queries given evidence may become zero.The paper shows that WHEN belief propagation IS applied iteratively OVER arbitrary networks(the so called, iterative OR loopy belief…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-12-12 Rina Dechter , Robert Mateescu

Bayesian networks (BNs) are a widely used graphical model in machine learning for representing knowledge with uncertainty. The mainstream BN structure learning methods require performing a large number of conditional independence (CI)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Jiantong Jiang , Zeyi Wen , Ajmal Mian

The application of Bayesian networks (BNs) to cognitive assessment and intelligent tutoring systems poses new challenges for model construction. When cognitive task analyses suggest constructing a BN with several latent variables, empirical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-18 David M. Williamson , Russell Almond , Robert Mislevy

In recent years, researchers in decision analysis and artificial intelligence (Al) have used Bayesian belief networks to build models of expert opinion. Using standard methods drawn from the theory of computational complexity, workers in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-04-08 R. Martin Chavez , Gregory F. Cooper

We consider the problem of identifying a pattern of faults from a set of noisy linear measurements. Unfortunately, maximum a posteriori probability estimation of the fault pattern is computationally intractable. To solve the fault…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-13 Danny Bickson , Dror Baron , Alex T. Ihler , Harel Avissar , Danny Dolev

A Bayesian belief network models a joint distribution with an directed acyclic graph representing dependencies among variables and network parameters characterizing conditional distributions. The parameters are viewed as random variables to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-05-14 Peter Hooper , Yasin Abbasi-Yadkori , Russell Greiner , Bret Hoehn

Faithfulness is a common assumption in causal inference, often motivated by the fact that the faithful parameters of linear Gaussian and discrete Bayesian networks are typical, and the folklore belief that this should also hold for other…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-13 Philip Boeken , Patrick Forré , Joris M. Mooij

The earth system is exceedingly complex and often chaotic in nature, making prediction incredibly challenging: we cannot expect to make perfect predictions all of the time. Instead, we look for specific states of the system that lead to…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2022-01-05 Elizabeth A. Barnes , Randal J. Barnes

We study the problem of certifying the robustness of Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) to adversarial input perturbations. Given a compact set of input points $T \subseteq \mathbb{R}^m$ and a set of output points $S \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Matthew Wicker , Andrea Patane , Luca Laurenti , Marta Kwiatkowska

Neural networks (NNs) can achieved high performance in various fields such as computer vision, and natural language processing. However, deploying NNs in resource-constrained safety-critical systems has challenges due to uncertainty in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Soyed Tuhin Ahmed

Belief Propagation (BP) is an efficient message-passing algorithm widely used for inference in graphical models and for solving various problems in statistical physics. However, BP often yields inaccurate estimates of order parameters and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Seongmin Kim , Alec Kirkley

Neural networks (NNs) are primarily developed within the frequentist statistical framework. Nevertheless, frequentist NNs lack the capability to provide uncertainties in the predictions, and hence their robustness can not be adequately…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Nastaran Dabiran , Brandon Robinson , Rimple Sandhu , Mohammad Khalil , Dominique Poirel , Abhijit Sarkar

To date, most probabilistic reasoning systems have relied on a fixed belief network constructed at design time. The network is used by an application program as a representation of (in)dependencies in the domain. Probabilistic inference…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-03-25 Robert P. Goldman , John S. Breese

A family of equivalence tools for bounding network capacities is introduced. Part I treats networks of point-to-point channels. The main result is roughly as follows. Given a network of noisy, independent, memoryless point-to-point…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2010-09-06 Ralf Koetter , Michelle Effros , Muriel Medard

In recent times, neural networks have become a powerful tool for the analysis of complex and abstract data models. However, their introduction intrinsically increases our uncertainty about which features of the analysis are model-related…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-09 Tom Charnock , Laurence Perreault-Levasseur , François Lanusse

Bayesian neural network (BNN) priors are defined in parameter space, making it hard to encode prior knowledge expressed in function space. We formulate a prior that incorporates functional constraints about what the output can or cannot be…

We construct a probabilistic coherence measure for information sets which determines a partial coherence ordering. This measure is applied in constructing a criterion for expanding our beliefs in the face of new information. A number of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Luc Bovens , Stephan Hartmann