Related papers: Counterfactual Definiteness and Bell's Inequality
It is demonstrated that the statistical method of the famous Aspect - Bell experiment requires negative probability densities and negative probabilities from "the thing" researched, else that thing doesn't exist. The thing refers here to…
The algebraic derivation of the numerical limits of Bell inequalities in either three or four random variables is independent of the assumption of randomness.The limits of the inequalities follow as mathematical consequences of their…
In constructing his theorem, Bell assumed that correlation functions among non-commuting variables are the same as those among commuting variables. However, in quantum mechanics, multiple data values exist simultaneously for commuting…
Bounds on quantum probabilities and expectation values are derived for experimental setups associated with Bell-type inequalities. In analogy to the classical bounds, the quantum limits are experimentally testable and therefore serve as…
Here it is shown that the simplest description of Bell's experiment according to the canon of von Neumann's theory of measurement explicitly assumes the (Quantum Mechanics-language equivalent of the classical) condition of Locality. This…
It is not generally known, that the inequality that Bell derived using three random variables must be identically satisfied by any three corresponding data sets of plus and minus 1s that are writable on paper.This surprising fact is not…
It is argued that the concept of ``physical quantities possessed by the system'' is both redundant and inappropriate. We have examined two versions of the concept of ``possessed values'': one identical with the observed values and the other…
Contextuality and entanglement are valuable resources for quantum computing and quantum information. Bell inequalities are used to certify entanglement; thus, it is important to understand why and how they are violated. Quantum mechanics…
Many Bell test results violate Bell's inequality. The premise of Bell's inequality is local determinism. We propose that, it can't be proved that something's mechanism isn't deterministic; if loopholes are not the reason of violation of…
We show that all proofs of Bell-type inequalities, as discussed in Bell's well known book and as claimed to be relevant to Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen type experiments, come to a halt when Einstein-local time and setting dependent instrument…
Bell tests---the experimental demonstration of a Bell inequality violation---are central to understanding the foundations of quantum mechanics, underpin quantum technologies, and are a powerful diagnostic tool for technological developments…
Counterfactual explanations are gaining prominence within technical, legal, and business circles as a way to explain the decisions of a machine learning model. These explanations share a trait with the long-established "principal reason"…
Does determinism (or even the incompleteness of quantum mechanics) follow from locality and perfect correlations? In a 1964 paper John Bell gave the first demonstration that quantum mechanics is incompatible with local hidden variables.…
Quantum Mechanics lacks an intuitive interpretation, which is the cause of a generally formalistic approach to its use. This in turn has led to a certain insensitivity to the actual meaning of many words used in its description and…
It is argued that local realism is a fundamental principle, which might be rejected only if experiments clearly show that it is untenable. A critical review is presented of the derivations of Bell's inequalities and the performed…
Locality and realism are two main assumptions in deriving Bell's inequalities. Though the experimentally demonstrated violations of Bell's inequalities rule out local realism, it is, however, not clear what role each of the two assumptions…
The paper develops a version of modal logic that stays completely within the framework provided by quantum principles, and then proves, within the framework of quantum thinking, and in particular without invoking "hidden variables", a…
We present a general framework for evaluating image counterfactuals. The power and flexibility of deep generative models make them valuable tools for learning mechanisms in structural causal models. However, their flexibility makes…
It is one of the most remarkable features of quantum physics that measurements on spatially separated systems cannot always be described by a locally causal theory. In such a theory, the outcomes of local measurements are determined in…
Bell's theorem proves that quantum theory is inconsistent with local physical models. It has propelled research in the foundations of quantum theory and quantum information science. As a fundamental feature of quantum theory, it impacts…