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Device and semi-device independent quantum randomness generators (DI- and SDI-QRNGs) are crucial for applications requiring private randomness. However, they are vulnerable to detection inefficiency attacks and this limits severely their…

Quantum random number generator (QRNG) utilizes the intrinsic randomness of quantum systems to generate completely unpredictable and genuine random numbers, finding wide applications across many fields. QRNGs relying on the phase noise of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-28 Jialiang Li , Zitao Huang , Chunlin Yu , Jiajie Wu , Tongge Zhao , Xiangwei Zhu , Shihai Sun

Random numbers are a fundamental ingredient for many applications including simulation, modelling and cryptography. Sound random numbers should be independent and uniformly distributed. Moreover, for cryptographic applications they should…

Quantum random-number generators (QRNGs) can offer a means to generate information-theoretically provable random numbers, in principle. In practice, unfortunately, the quantum randomness is inevitably mixed with classical randomness due to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-25 Xiongfeng Ma , Feihu Xu , He Xu , Xiaoqing Tan , Bing Qi , Hoi-Kwong Lo

A quantum random number generator (QRNG) generates genuine randomness from the intrinsic probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics. The central problems for most QRNGs are estimating the entropy of the genuine randomness and producing such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-31 Feihu Xu , Jeffrey H. Shapiro , Franco N. C. Wong

The single photon detection efficiency of the detector unit is crucial for the security of common quantum key distribution protocols like Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84). A low value for the efficiency indicates a possible eavesdropping attack…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-20 Øystein Marøy , Vadim Makarov , Johannes Skaar

Random numbers are central to various applications such as secure communications, quantum key distribution theory (QKD), statistics, and other tasks. One of today's most popular generators is quantum random numbers (QRNGs). The inherent…

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) can provide genuine randomness based on the inherent unpredictable nature of quantum physics. The extracted randomness relies not only on the physical parts of the QRNG, such as the entropy source…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-17 Ziyang Chen , Zhengyu Li , Bingjie Xu , Yi-Chen Zhang , Hong Guo

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) produce true random numbers based on the inherent randomness of quantum theory, rendering them a foundational segment of quantum cryptography. Distinguished from trusted-device QRNGs whose security…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-09 Zhenguo Lu , Jundong Wu , Yu Zhang , Shaobo Ren , Xuyang Wang , Hongyi Zhou , Yongmin Li

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) use the inherent unpredictability of quantum mechanics to generate true randomness, as opposed to classical random number generators. However, ensuring the authenticity of this randomness still…

Random Number Generators (RNGs) are crucial for applications ranging from cryptography to simulations. Depending on the source of randomness, RNGs are classified into Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNGs), True Random Number Generators…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Anurag K. S. V. , Shubham Chouhan , K. Srinivasan , G. Raghavan , Kanaka Raju P

Random numbers are essential for our modern information based society e.g. in cryptography. Unlike frequently used pseudo-random generators, physical random number generators do not depend on complex algorithms but rather on a physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-11 Mario Stipčević , Rupert Ursin

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) produce true random numbers, which are guaranteed by the fundamental principles of quantum physics. Miniaturization of QRNGs is crucial for a wide range of communication and cryptography…

We discuss the current state of the art of Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNG) and their possible applications in the search for quantum advantages. To this aim, we first discuss a possible way of benchmarking QRNG by applying them to…

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) are able to generate numbers that are certifiably random, even to an agent who holds some side-information. Such systems typically require that the elements being used are precisely calibrated and…

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) can produce true random numbers. Yet, the two most important QRNG parameters highly desired for practical applications, i.e., speed and size, have to be compromised during implementations. Here, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-02 Bing Bai , Jianyao Huang , Guan-Ru Qiao , You-Qi Nie , Weijie Tang , Tao Chu , Jun Zhang , Jian-Wei Pan

For globally connected devices like smart phones, personal computers and Internet-of-things devices, the ability to generate random numbers is essential for execution of cryptographic protocols responsible for information security.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-25 Mario Stipčević , Ivan Michel Antolović , Claudio Bruschini , Edoardo Charbon

Quantum physics can be exploited to generate true random numbers, which play important roles in many applications, especially in cryptography. Genuine randomness from the measurement of a quantum system reveals the inherent nature of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-29 Xiongfeng Ma , Xiao Yuan , Zhu Cao , Bing Qi , Zhen Zhang

In this paper, we present an approach for estimating significant financial metrics within risk management by utilizing quantum phenomena for random number generation. We explore Quantum-Enhanced Monte Carlo, a method that combines…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Emanuele Dri , Achille Yomi , Muthumanimaran Vetrivelan , Cedric Kuassivi , Ivàn Diego Exposito

Measurement outcomes on quantum systems exhibit inherent randomness and are fundamentally nondeterministic. This has enabled quantum physics to set new standards for the generation of true randomness with significant applications in the…