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In typical black-box optimization applications, the available computational budget is often allocated to a single algorithm, typically chosen based on user preference with limited knowledge about the problem at hand or according to some…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Catalin-Viorel Dinu , Diederick Vermetten , Carola Doerr

Since around 2000, it has been considered that elitist evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithms (EMOAs) always outperform non-elitist EMOAs. This paper revisits the performance of non-elitist EMOAs for bi-objective continuous…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Ryoji Tanabe , Hisao Ishibuchi

The core challenge of high-dimensional and expensive black-box optimization (BBO) is how to obtain better performance faster with little function evaluation cost. The essence of the problem is how to design an efficient optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Xiaobin Li , Kai Wu , Xiaoyu Zhang , Handing Wang , Jing Liu

Theoretical and empirical research on evolutionary computation methods complement each other by providing two fundamentally different approaches towards a better understanding of black-box optimization heuristics. In discrete optimization,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-08-20 Carola Doerr , Furong Ye , Sander van Rijn , Hao Wang , Thomas Bäck

Bayesian optimization (BO) offers an efficient pipeline for optimizing black-box functions with the help of a Gaussian process prior and an acquisition function (AF). Recently, in the context of single-objective BO, learning-based AFs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yu-Heng Hung , Kai-Jie Lin , Yu-Heng Lin , Chien-Yi Wang , Cheng Sun , Ping-Chun Hsieh

Benchmarking is a key aspect of research into optimization algorithms, and as such the way in which the most popular benchmark suites are designed implicitly guides some parts of algorithm design. One of these suites is the black-box…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Fu Xing Long , Diederick Vermetten , Bas van Stein , Anna V. Kononova

In this short note, we discuss a goal-oriented multiobjective optimization problem for system performance assessment. The objective function for such optimization problem, which is usually a composite of different performance indices…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-06-12 Getachew K Befekadu

Bayesian Optimization (BO) is a class of black-box, surrogate-based heuristics that can efficiently optimize problems that are expensive to evaluate, and hence admit only small evaluation budgets. BO is particularly popular for solving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Maria Laura Santoni , Elena Raponi , Renato De Leone , Carola Doerr

Single-objective black box optimization (also known as zeroth-order optimization) is the process of minimizing a scalar objective $f(x)$, given evaluations at adaptively chosen inputs $x$. In this paper, we consider multi-objective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Daniel Golovin , Qiuyi Zhang

Black-box optimization in science and engineering often comes with side information: experts, simulators, pretrained predictors, or heuristics can suggest which candidates look promising. This information can accelerate search, but it can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Nicolas Samuel Blumer , Julien Martinelli , Samuel Kaski

We consider the problem of black-box function optimization over the boolean hypercube. Despite the vast literature on black-box function optimization over continuous domains, not much attention has been paid to learning models for…

Offline optimization aims to maximize a black-box objective function with a static dataset and has wide applications. In addition to the objective function being black-box and expensive to evaluate, numerous complex real-world problems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Ke Xue , Rong-Xi Tan , Xiaobin Huang , Chao Qian

When gradient-based methods are impractical, black-box optimization (BBO) provides a valuable alternative. However, BBO often struggles with high-dimensional problems and limited trial budgets. In this work, we propose a novel approach…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-03 Riccardo Busetto , Manas Mejari , Marco Forgione , Alberto Bemporad , Dario Piga

Black-box optimization (BBO) has a broad range of applications, including automatic machine learning, experimental design, and database knob tuning. However, users still face challenges when applying BBO methods to their problems at hand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Huaijun Jiang , Yu Shen , Yang Li , Beicheng Xu , Sixian Du , Wentao Zhang , Ce Zhang , Bin Cui

This paper discusses the challenge when evaluating multi-objective optimisation algorithms under noise, and argues that decision maker preferences need to be taken into account. It demonstrates that commonly used performance metrics are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-01 Juergen Branke

Black-box optimization minimizes an objective function without derivatives or explicit forms. Such an optimization method with continuous variables has been successful in the fields of machine learning and material science. For discrete…

Automated algorithm selection for continuous black-box optimization depends on representing problem information under limited probing and selecting solvers under heavy-tailed performance distributions. This paper proposes a geometric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Jiabao Brad Wang , Xiang Shi , Yiliang Yuan , Mustafa Misir

Optimizing discrete black-box functions is key in several domains, e.g. protein engineering and drug design. Due to the lack of gradient information and the need for sample efficiency, Bayesian optimization is an ideal candidate for these…

Benchmark suites, i.e. a collection of benchmark functions, are widely used in the comparison of black-box optimization algorithms. Over the years, research has identified many desired qualities for benchmark suites, such as diverse…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-04-16 David Issa Mattos , Lucas Ruud , Jan Bosch , Helena Holmström Olsson

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a framework for global optimization of expensive-to-evaluate objective functions. Classical BO methods assume that the objective function is a black box. However, internal information about objective function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Raul Astudillo , Peter I. Frazier