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Cosmic ray muons present a large part of the radiation background and depending on the application of interest muons can be seen as background noise, e.g., radiation mapping, radiation protection, dosimetry, or as a useful interrogation…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-01-10 Junghyun Bae , Stylianos Chatzidakis

The number of muons in extensive air showers predicted using LHC-tuned hadronic interaction models, such as EPOS-LHC and QGSJetII-04, is smaller than observed in showers recorded by leading cosmic ray experiments. In this paper, we present…

Ultra-high energy cosmic rays generate extensive air showers in Earth's atmosphere. A standard approach to reconstruct the energy of an ultra-high energy cosmic rays is to sample the lateral profile of the particle density on the ground of…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-18 Hans Dembinski , Pierre Billoir , Olivier Deligny , Thomas Hebbeker

A high-statistics determination of the differential cross section of elastic muon-electron scattering as a function of the transferred four-momentum squared, $d \sigma_{el}(\mu e \to \mu e)/dq^2$, has been argued to provide an effective…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-02-25 Tommaso Dorigo

Cosmic-ray tomography usually relies on measuring the scattering or transmission of muons produced within cosmic-ray air showers to reconstruct an examined volume of interest (VOI). During the traversing of a VOI, all air shower particles,…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2025-11-05 Maximilian Pérez Prada , Angel Bueno Rodríguez , Maurice Stephan , Sarah Barnes

Cosmic ray muons have been considered as a non-conventional radiation probe in various applications. To utilize cosmic ray muons in engineering applications, two important quantities, trajectory and momentum, must be known. The muon…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-01-04 Junghyun Bae , Stylianos Chatzidakis

Cosmic ray muons have emerged as a non-conventional high-energy radiation probe to monitor dense and large objects. Muons are the most abundant cosmic radiation on Earth, however, their flux at sea level is approximately 10,000 min^-1m^-2…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-01-05 Junghyun Bae , Stylianos Chatzidakis

Cosmic-ray muons which impinge upon the Earth's surface can be used to image the density of geological and man-made materials located above a muon detector. The detectors used for these measurements must be capable of determining the muon…

Muons are a fascinating probe to study nuclear properties. Muonic atoms can easily be formed by stopping negative muons inside a material. The muon is subsequently captured by the nucleus and, due to its much higher mass compared to the…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2020-06-04 A. Knecht , A. Skawran , S. M. Vogiatzi

Muon radiography is an innovative and non-destructive technique for internal density structure imaging, based on measuring the attenuation of cosmic-ray muons after they penetrate the target. Due to the strong penetration ability of muons,…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-07-19 Xin Mao , Zhiwei Li , Shuning Dong , Jingtai Li , Jianming Zhang , Jie Pang , Yaping Cheng , Bin Liao , Xiaoping Ouyang , Ran Han

Muography is an imaging tool based on the attenuation of cosmic muons to observe the density distribution of large objects, such as underground caves or fractured zones. Tomography based on muography measurements -- that is, three…

Accurately measuring the energy of shower particles reaching the ground remains a challenge due to the inherent limitations of typical cosmic ray experiments. In this work, we present two experimental strategies to determine the energy…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2025-07-24 P. Assis , R. Conceição , P. J. Costa , M. Freitas , B. S. González , B. Tomé

Muon imaging, especially muon scattering tomography (MST), has recently garnered significant attention. MST measures the magnitude of muon scattering angles inside an object, which depends not only on the material properties but also on the…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-09-17 Pei Yu , Ziwen Pan , Jiajia Zhai , Yu Xu , Li Deng , Zhengyang He , Zhe Chen , Zechao Kang , Yuhong Yu , Xueheng Zhang , Liangwen Chen , Lei Yang , Zhiyu Sun

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a multi-purpose neutrino experiment. One of the main goals is to determine the neutrino mass ordering by precisely measuring the energy spectrum of reactor antineutrinos. For reactor…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-01-28 Cheng-Feng Yang , Yong-Bo Huang , Ji-Lei Xu , Di-Ru Wu , Hao-Qi Lu , Yong-Peng Zhang , Wu-Ming Luo , Miao He , Guo-Ming Chen , Si-Yuan Zhang

An application of muon scattering tomography is investigated for the non-destructive verification of spent nuclear fuel dry storage casks in context of international treaty declarations in proving that the diversion of plutonium has not…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-12-08 A. Sh. Georgadze

We present a hybrid Muon Telescope, MuTe, designed and built for imaging active Colombian volcanoes. The MuTe has a resolution of tens of meters, low power consumption, robustness and transportability making it suitable for use in difficult…

Imaging the inner part of large geological targets is an important issue in geosciences with various applications. Dif- ferent approaches already exist (e.g. gravimetry, electrical tomography) that give access to a wide range of…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2012-02-01 J. Marteau , D. Gibert , N. Lesparre , F. Nicollin , P. Noli , F. Giacoppo

Muography is an imaging technique for large and dense structures as volcanoes or nuclear reactors using atmospheric muons. We applied this technique to the observation of the Puy de D\^ome, a volcano 2 km wide close to Clermont-Ferrand,…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2016-06-29 Eve Le Menedeu

Muography is a well estabilished method to obtain 3D images of large objects (e.g. volcanoes and large buildings) without any additional particle source, taking advantage of the presence of cosmic muons. The underlying principle of…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-08-26 G. Galgóczi , D. Mrdja , I. Bikit , K. Bikit , J. Slivka , J. Hansman , L. Oláh , G. Hamar , D. Varga

Tomographic imaging techniques using the Coulomb scattering of cosmic-ray muons have been shown previously to successfully identify and characterise low- and high-Z materials within an air matrix using a prototype scintillating-fibre…