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Block-based environments are visual programming environments, which are becoming more and more popular because of their ease of use. The ease of use comes thanks to their intuitive graphical representation and structural metaphors…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Mauricio Verano Merino , Jurgen Vinju , Mark van den Brand

Large language models (LLMs) have become an essential tool to support developers using traditional text-based programming languages, but the graphical notation of the block-based Scratch programming environment inhibits the use of LLMs. To…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Benedikt Fein , Florian Obermüller , Gordon Fraser

Block-based programming languages like Scratch are increasingly popular for programming education and end-user programming. Recent program analyses build on the insight that source code can be modelled using techniques from natural language…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Elisabeth Griebl , Benedikt Fein , Florian Obermüller , Gordon Fraser , René Just

With recent advances in graphical user interfaces, more and more tasks on computers have become easier to perform. Out of the belief that creating computer programs can also be one of them, visual programming languages (VPLs) have emerged.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2012-06-25 Drazen Lucanin , Ivan Fabek

Deep Learning (DL) developers come from different backgrounds, e.g., medicine, genomics, finance, and computer science. To create a DL model, they must learn and use high-level programming languages (e.g., Python), thus needing to handle…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Tommaso Calò , Luigi De Russis

Blocks-based programming has become the lingua franca for introductory coding. Studies have found that experience with blocks-based programming can help beginners learn more traditional text-based languages. We explore how blocks…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-06-27 David Bau , Jeff Gray , Caitlin Kelleher , Josh Sheldon , Franklyn Turbak

Novice programmers need to write basic code as part of the learning process, but they often face difficulties. To assist struggling students, we recently implemented personalized Parsons problems, which are code puzzles where students…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Xinying Hou , Barbara J. Ericson , Xu Wang

Creating programs with block-based programming languages like Scratch is easy and fun. Block-based programs can nevertheless contain bugs, in particular when learners have misconceptions about programming. Even when they do not, Scratch…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Gordon Fraser , Ute Heuer , Nina Körber , Florian Obermüller , Ewald Wasmeier

Block-based programming environments such as Scratch are increasingly popular in programming education, in particular for young learners. While the use of blocks helps prevent syntax errors, semantic bugs remain common and difficult to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Yuan Si , Daming Li , Hanyuan Shi , Jialu Zhang

How can we better organize code in computational notebooks? Notebooks have become a popular tool among data scientists, as they seamlessly weave text and code together, supporting users to rapidly iterate and document code experiments.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Zijie J. Wang , Katie Dai , W. Keith Edwards

Block-based programming languages like Scratch have become increasingly popular as introductory languages for novices. These languages are intended to be used with a "tinkering" approach which allows learners and teachers to quickly…

Visual Programming Languages (VPLs), coupled with the high-level abstractions that are commonplace in visual programming environments, enable users with less technical knowledge to become proficient programmers. However, the lower skill…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Miguel Terra-Neves , João Nadkarni , Miguel Ventura , Pedro Resende , Hugo Veiga , António Alegria

Block-based programming environments like Scratch are widely used in introductory programming courses. They facilitate learning pivotal programming concepts by eliminating syntactical errors, but logical errors that break the desired…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Patric Feldmeier , Gordon Fraser , Ute Heuer , Florian Obermüller , Siegfried Steckenbiller

Modern software executes a large amount of code. Previous techniques of code layout optimization were developed one or two decades ago and have become inadequate to cope with the scale and complexity of new types of applications such as…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-10-03 Rahman Lavaee , John Criswell , Chen Ding

Program text is rendered using impoverished typographic styles. Beyond choice of fonts and syntax-highlighting colors, code editors and related tools utilize very few text decorations. These limited styles are, furthermore, applied in…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Sam Cohen , Ravi Chugh

Teachers face several challenges when presenting the fundamental concepts of programming in the classroom. Several tools are introduced to give a visual dimension to support the learning process. These tools rely on code blocks, easily…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-11-22 Hussein Alrubaye , Stephanie Ludi , Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer

Programming social robots is challenging for novice robot programmers due to required expertise in planning, interaction design, and programming. While large language models (LLMs) hold significant promise through code generation from…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Arissa J. Sato , Callie Y. Kim , Nathan Thomas White , Abhinav Maneesh , Yuqing Wang , Hui-Ru Ho , Bilge Mutlu

We introduce Code Park, a novel tool for visualizing codebases in a 3D game-like environment. Code Park aims to improve a programmer's understanding of an existing codebase in a manner that is both engaging and intuitive, appealing to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2017-08-08 Pooya Khaloo , Mehran Maghoumi , Eugene Taranta , David Bettner , Joseph Laviola

Many programming problems call for turning geometrical thoughts into code: tables, hierarchical structures, nests of objects, trees, forests, graphs, and so on. Linear text does not do justice to such thoughts. But, it has been the dominant…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Leif Andersen , Michael Ballantyne , Matthias Felleisen

Whether it be source code in a programming language, prose in natural language, or otherwise, text is highly structured. Currently, text visualizations are confined either to _flat, line-based_ decorations, which can convey only limited…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Sam Cohen , Ravi Chugh
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