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Practical implementations of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) often deviate from the theoretical protocols, exposing the implementations to various attacks even when the underlying (ideal) protocol is proven secure. We present new analysis…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Ittay Alfassi , Ran Gelles , Rotem Liss , Tal Mor

We investigate the security of continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) using coherent states and reverse reconciliation against Gaussian individual attacks based on an optimal Gaussian $1 \to 2$ cloning machine. We provide…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-09-29 Ryo Namiki , Masato Koashi , Nobuyuki Imoto

Embedded systems play a crucial role in fueling the growth of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) in application domains such as healthcare, home automation, transportation, etc. However, their increasingly network-connected nature, coupled with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-06 Soubhagya Sutar , Arnab Raha , Vijay Raghunathan

Quantum physical unclonable functions, or QPUFs, are rapidly emerging as theoretical hardware solutions to provide secure cryptographic functionalities such as key-exchange, message authentication, entity identification among others. Recent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-15 Niraj Kumar , Rawad Mezher , Elham Kashefi

As the demand for highly secure and dependable lightweight systems increases in the modern world, Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) continue to promise a lightweight alternative to high-cost encryption techniques and secure key…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Owen Millwood , Jack Miskelly , Bohao Yang , Prosanta Gope , Elif Kavun , Chenghua Lin

With the development of quantum computers, traditional cryptographic systems are facing more and more serious security threats. Fortunately, quantum key distribution (QKD) and post-quantum cryptography (PQC) are two cryptographic mechanisms…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-03 Liu-Jun Wang , You-Yang Zhou , Jian-Ming Yin , Qing Chen

Quantum tokens are underlying primitives for quantum money and network proposals, which leverage the no-cloning theorem to realize unforgeable authentication. A relevant but overlooked type of attack to such architectures is a hacker that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Lucas Tsunaki , Boris Naydenov

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is revolutionizing cryptography by promising information-theoretic security through the immutable laws of quantum mechanics. Yet, the challenge of transforming these idealized security models into practical,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Nitin Jha , Abhishek Parakh , Mahadevan Subramaniam

When prior partial information about a state to be cloned is available, it can be cloned with a fidelity higher than that of universal quantum cloning. We experimentally verify this intriguing relationship between the cloning fidelity and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Jiangfeng Du , Thomas Durt , Ping Zou , Hui Li , L. C. Kwek , C. H. Lai , C. H. Oh , Artur Ekert

Current implementations of quantum key distribution (QKD) typically rely on prepare-and-measure (P&M) schemes. Unfortunately, these implementations are not completely secure, unless security proofs fully incorporate all imperfections of…

We discuss the usefulness of quantum cloning and present examples of quantum computation tasks for which cloning offers an advantage which cannot be matched by any approach that does not resort to it. In these quantum computations, we need…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Gao Ting , Yan Feng-Li , Wang Zhi-Xi

Collaborative threat intelligence via federated learning (FL) faces critical risks from quantum computing, which can compromise classical encryption methods. This study proposes a quantum-secure FL framework using post-quantum cryptography…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Prabhudarshi Nayak , Gogulakrishnan Thiyagarajan , Ritunsa Mishra , Vinay Bist

No-cloning theorem is fundamental for quantum mechanics and for quantum information science that states an unknown quantum state cannot be cloned perfectly. However, we can try to clone a quantum state approximately with the optimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-30 Heng Fan , Yi-Nan Wang , Li Jing , Jie-Dong Yue , Han-Duo Shi , Yong-Liang Zhang , Liang-Zhu Mu

Quantum no-cloning, the impossibility of perfectly cloning an arbitrary unknown quantum state, is one of the most fundamental limitations due to the laws of quantum mechanics, which underpin the physical security of quantum key…

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) serve as lightweight, hardware-intrinsic entropy sources widely deployed in IoT security applications. However, delay-based PUFs are vulnerable to Machine Learning Attacks (MLAs), undermining their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Hongming Fei , Zilong Hu , Prosanta Gope , Biplab Sikdar

While ideal quantum key distribution (QKD) systems are well-understood, practical implementations face various vulnerabilities, such as side-channel attacks resulting from device imperfections. Current security proofs for decoy-state BB84…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Jerome Wiesemann , Fadri Grünenfelder , Ana Blázquez , Nino Walenta , Davide Rusca

This paper discusses the use of computer-aided verification as a practical means for analysing quantum information systems; specifically, the BB84 protocol for quantum key distribution is examined using this method. This protocol has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Rajagopal Nagarajan , Nikolaos Papanikolaou , Garry Bowen , Simon Gay

Detection-efficiency mismatch is a common problem in practical quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. Current security proofs of QKD with detection-efficiency mismatch rely either on the assumption of the single-photon light source on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-27 Anton Trushechkin

General purpose quantum computers can, in principle, entangle a number of noisy physical qubits to realise composite qubits protected against errors. Architectures for measurement-based quantum computing intrinsically support…

Authentication provides the trust people need to engage in transactions. The advent of physical keys that are impossible to copy promises to revolutionize this field. Up to now, such keys have been verified by classical challenge-response…