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Cosmic rays (CRs) interact with turbulent magnetic fields in the intestellar medium, generating nonthermal emission. After many decades of studies, the theoretical understanding of their diffusion in the ISM continues to pose a challenge.…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-15 Lucas Barreto-Mota , Elisabete M. de Gouveia Dal Pino , Siyao Xu , Alexandre Lazarian

One of the key physical processes that helps prevent strong cooling flows in galaxy clusters is the continued energy input from the central active galactic nucleus (AGN) of the cluster. However, it remains unclear how this energy is…

One of the unsolved problems in cosmic ray (CR) physics is the small radial gradient of the gamma-ray intensity compared to the inferred CR source distribution in the Galactic disk. In diffusive CR propagation models the most natural…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 D. Breitschwerdt , V. Dogiel , H. J. V"olk

Aims. We investigate the role of cosmic ray (CR) halos in shaping the properties of starburst-driven galactic outflows. Methods. We develop a microphysical model for galactic outflows driven by a continuous central feedback source,…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-09-10 Leonard E. C. Romano , Ellis R. Owen , Kentaro Nagamine

The strongly diverging magnetic field lines in the very inner heliosphere, through the associated magnetic focusing/mirroring forces, can, potentially, lead to highly anisotropic galactic cosmic ray distributions close to the Sun. Using a…

Space Physics · Physics 2022-03-30 R. D. Strauss , J. P. van den Berg , J. S. Rankin

Using hybrid simulations (kinetic ions--fluid electrons), we test the linear theory predictions of the cosmic ray (CR) streaming instability. We consider two types of CR distribution functions: a "hot" distribution where CRs are represented…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-09-16 Colby Haggerty , Damiano Caprioli , Ellen Zweibel

Cosmic rays (CRs) are a pivotal non-thermal component of galaxy formation and evolution. However, the intricacies of CR physics, particularly how they propagate in the circumgalactic medium (CGM), remain largely unconstrained. In this work,…

The problem of cosmic-ray scattering in the turbulent electromagnetic fields of the interstellar medium and the solar wind is of great importance due to the variety of applications of the resulting diffusion coefficients. Examples are…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-20 R. C. Tautz

Cosmic rays (CR) propagate through the galactic scales down to the smaller scales at which stars form. CRs are close to energy equipartition with the other components of the interstellar medium and can provide a support against gravity if…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-02-13 Benoît Commerçon , Alexandre Marcowith , Yohan Dubois

Angular momentum transport by magnetic fields is important for formation and evolution of protoplanetary disks. The effects of magnetic fields are suppressed due to non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects such as ambipolar diffusion and…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-15 Erika Nishio , Kengo Tomida , Yuki Kudoh , Shigeo S. Kimura

Cosmic ray (CR) feedback plays a vital role in shaping the formation and evolution of galaxies through their interaction with magnetohydrodynamic waves. In the CR self-confinement scenario, the waves are generated by the CR gyro-resonant…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-23 Xiaochen Sun , Xue-Ning Bai , Xihui Zhao

Cosmic ray propagation in the Galaxy is shortly reviewed. In particular we consider the self-consistent models of CR propagation. In these models CR streaming instability driven by CR anisotropy results in the Alfv\'enic turbulence which in…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-23 V. N. Zirakashvili

Low-mass galaxies are subject to strong galactic outflows, in which cosmic rays may play an important role, they can be best traced with low-frequency radio continuum observations, which are less affected by spectral ageing. We present a…

Galactic cosmic rays are a ubiquitous source of ionisation of the interstellar gas, competing with UV and X-ray photons as well as natural radioactivity in determining the fractional abundance of electrons, ions and charged dust grains in…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-06-27 Marco Padovani , Alexei V. Ivlev , Daniele Galli , Paola Caselli

We study the global evolution of the magnetic field and interstellar medium (ISM) of the barred and ringed galaxies in the presence of non-axisymmetric components of the potential, i.e. the bar and/or the oval perturbations. The…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-20 K. Kulpa-Dybeł , K. Otmianowska-Mazur , B. Kulesza-Żydzik , G. Kowal , D. Wóltański , M. Hanasz , K. Kowalik

We investigate the anisotropic diffusion of cosmic rays in the large-scale Galactic magnetic field, where diffusion occurs at different rates along and across the magnetic field lines. To model this process, we use stochastic differential…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-06-17 Ala'a AL-Zetoun

We introduce a static toy model of the cosmic ray (CR) universe in which cosmic ray propagation is taken to be diffusive and cosmic ray sources are distributed randomly with a density the same as that of local L* galaxies, $5 \times…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-10-29 Roger Clay , Roland M. Crocker

We apply a wind model, driven by combined cosmic-ray and thermal-gas pressure, to the Milky Way, and show that the observed Galactic diffuse soft X-ray emission can be better explained by a wind than by previous static gas models. We find…

Cosmic ray pressure gradients transfer energy and momentum to extraplanar gas in disk galaxies, potentially driving significant mass loss as galactic winds. This may be particularly important for launching high-velocity outflows of "cool"…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-02-28 S. Alwin Mao , Eve C. Ostriker

Observations of giant radio halos provide unambiguous evidence for the existence of cosmic ray (CR) electrons and magnetic fields in galaxy clusters. The physical mechanism generating radio halos is still heavily debated. We critically…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2011-09-28 Christoph Pfrommer , Torsten Ensslin , Francesco Miniati , Kandaswamy Subramanian