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Purpose: Two-stage single-arm trial designs are commonly used in phase II oncology to infer treatment effects for a binary primary outcome (e.g., tumour response). It is imperative that such studies be designed, analysed, and reported…

Applications · Statistics 2020-07-09 Michael J. Grayling , Adrian P. Mander

We propose new, optimal methods for analyzing randomized trials, when it is suspected that treatment effects may differ in two predefined subpopulations. Such sub-populations could be defined by a biomarker or risk factor measured at…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-11-26 Michael Rosenblum , Han Liu , and En-Hsu Yen

Recently, the strategy for dose optimization in oncology has shifted to conduct Phase 2 randomized controlled trials with multiple doses. Optimal biologic dose selection from Phase 1 trial data to determine candidate doses for Phase 2…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-14 Masahiro Kojima

Clinical trials with time-to-event endpoints, such as overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS), are fundamental for evaluating new treatments, particularly in immuno-oncology. However, modern therapies, such as…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-10 James Salsbury , Jeremy Oakley , Steven Julious , Lisa Hampson

Adaptive Phase 2/3 designs hold great promise in contemporary oncology drug development, especially when limited data from Phase 1 dose-finding is insufficient for identifying an optimal dose. However, there is a general concern about…

Applications · Statistics 2025-02-25 Cong Chen , Mo Huang

Optimal design of a Phase I cancer trial can be formulated as a stochastic optimization problem. By making use of recent advances in approximate dynamic programming to tackle the problem, we develop an approximation of the Bayesian optimal…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-12-01 Jay Bartroff , Tze Leung Lai

This article proposes a novel adaptive design algorithm that can be used to find optimal treatment allocations in N-of-1 clinical trials. This new methodology uses two Laplace approximations to provide a computationally efficient estimate…

Computation · Statistics 2020-07-30 S. G. Jagath Senarathne , Antony M. Overstall , James M. McGree

Optimal experiment design for parameter estimation is a research topic that has been in the interest of various studies. A key problem in optimal input design is that the optimal input depends on some unknown system parameters that are to…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-04-17 Lirong Huang , Håkan Hjalmarsson , László Gerencsér

When an experimenter has the option of running an adaptive trial, is it admissible to ignore this option and run a non-adaptive trial instead? We provide a negative answer to this question in the best-arm identification problem, where the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-06 Guido Imbens , Chao Qin , Stefan Wager

Adaptive approaches, allowing for more flexible trial design, have been proposed for individually randomized trials to save time or reduce sample size. However, adaptive designs for cluster-randomized trials in which groups of participants…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-01-10 Junwei Shen , Shirin Golchi , Erica E. M. Moodie , David Benrimoh

We consider the procedure proposed by Bhandari et al. (2009) in the context of two-treatment clinical trials, with the objective of minimizing the applications of the less effective drug to the least number of patients. Our focus is on an…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-06-30 Sampurna Kundu , Jayant Jha , Subir Kumar Bhandari

One of the challenges in the design of confirmatory trials is to deal with uncertainties regarding the optimal target population for a novel drug. Adaptive enrichment designs (AED) which allow for a data-driven selection of one or more…

Applications · Statistics 2020-09-15 Anh Nguyen Duc , Dominik Heinzmann , Claude Berge , Marcel Wolbers

Background: trials to identify the minimal effective treatment duration are needed in different therapeutic areas, including bacterial infections, TB and Hepatitis--C. However, standard non-inferiority designs have several limitations,…

A new approach to adaptive design of clinical trials is proposed in a general multiparameter exponential family setting, based on generalized likelihood ratio statistics and optimal sequential testing theory. These designs are easy to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-05-25 Jay Bartroff , Tze Leung Lai

A central goal in designing clinical trials is to find the test that maximizes power (or equivalently minimizes required sample size) for finding a false null hypothesis subject to the constraint of type I error. When there is more than one…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-21 Ruth Heller , Abba Krieger , Saharon Rosset

In single-arm phase II oncology trials, the most popular choice of design is Simon's two-stage design, which allows early stopping at one interim analysis. However, the expected trial sample size can be reduced further by allowing…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-09-09 Martin Law , Michael J. Grayling , Adrian P. Mander

Dose-finding trials are a key component of the drug development process and rely on a statistical design to help inform dosing decisions. Triallists wishing to choose a design require knowledge of operating characteristics of competing…

Computation · Statistics 2025-03-11 Michael Sweeting , Daniel Slade , Dan Jackson , Kristian Brock

This paper considers multiple binary hypothesis tests with adaptive allocation of sensing resources from a shared budget over a small number of stages. A Bayesian formulation is provided for the multistage allocation problem of minimizing…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-11-05 Dennis Wei

Adaptive designs are increasingly used in clinical trials and online experiments to improve participant outcomes by dynamically updating treatment allocation as data accumulate. In practice, experimenters often consider multiple candidate…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-08 Wenxin Zhang , Aaron Hudson , Maya Petersen , Mark van der Laan

Primarily motivated by the drug development process, several publications have now presented methodology for the design of multi-arm multi-stage experiments with normally distributed outcome variables of known variance. Here, we extend…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-12-04 Michael Grayling , James Wason , Adrian Mander