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Information erasure inevitably leads to heat dissipation. Minimizing this dissipation will be crucial for developing small-scale information processing systems, but little is known about the optimal procedures required. We have obtained…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-17 Patrick R. Zulkowski , Michael R. DeWeese

According to Landauer's principle, erasure of information is the only part of a computation process that unavoidably involves energy dissipation. If done reversibly, such an erasure generates the minimal heat of $k_BT\ln 2$ per erased bit…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2017-01-20 Dmitri V. Averin , Jukka P. Pekola

New concepts from nonequilibrium thermodynamics are used to show that Landauer's principle can be understood in terms of time asymmetry in the dynamical randomness generated by the physical process of the erasure of digital information. In…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-13 D. Andrieux , P. Gaspard

Landauer principle states that erasure of $N$ bit information requires an entropic cost of $Nk_B \ln 2$. This fact can easily be demonstrated by relaxation of an ideal gas consisting of $N$ particles inside a fixed volume. In this paper we…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-03-16 P. S. Pal , A. M. Jayannavar

One of the outstanding challenges to information processing is the eloquent suppression of energy consumption in execution of logic operations. Landauer principle sets an energy constraint in deletion of a classical bit of information.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-13 L. L. Yan , T. P. Xiong , K. Rehan , F. Zhou , D. F. Liang , L. Chen , J. Q. Zhang , W. L. Yang , Z. H. Ma , M. Feng

The Landauer principle bridges the energetic cost and information processing, showing that irreversible computation inevitably demands energy dissipation. As energy demands from computation continue to rise, approximate computing has…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-26 Yoshihiko Hasegawa

Recent experiments have implemented resetting by means of a time-varying external harmonic trap whereby the trap stiffness is changed from an initial to a final value in finite-time and then the system is reset when it relaxes to an…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-07-21 Deepak Gupta , Kristian Stølevik Olsen , Supriya Krishnamurthy

In this paper, we study the thermodynamic cost associated with erasing a static random access memory. By combining the stochastic thermodynamics framework of electronic circuits with machine learning-based optimization techniques, we show…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-11-05 Tomas Basile , Karel Proesmans

A known aspect of the Clausius inequality is that an equilibrium system subjected to a squeezing $\d S$ of its entropy must release at least an amount $|\dbarrm Q|=T|\d S|$ of heat. This serves as a basis for the Landauer principle, which…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-10-31 A. E. Allahverdyan , Th. M. Nieuwenhuizen

1. Strong and weak notions of erasure are distinguished according to whether the single erasure procedure does or does not leave the environment in the same state independently of the pre-erasure state. 2. Purely thermodynamic…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2025-02-26 John D. Norton

Energy costs of information processing are growing exponentially. Bit erasure is a key problem in this energy-information nexus, and a number of seminal relationships have been deduced regarding the relationship between thermodynamic costs…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-04-16 Songela W. Chen , David T. Limmer

It is generally accepted, following Landauer and Bennett, that the process of measurement involves no minimum entropy cost, but the erasure of information in resetting the memory register of a computer to zero requires dissipating heat into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 J. Bub

We show that information in quantum memory can be erased and recovered perfectly if it is necessary. That the final states of environment are completely determined by the initial states of the system allows that an easure operation can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Qing-Yu Cai

Information processing typically occurs via the composition of modular units, such as universal logic gates. The benefit of modular information processing, in contrast to globally integrated information processing, is that complex global…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-08-08 Alexander B. Boyd , Dibyendu Mandal , James P. Crutchfield

We generalize stochastic thermodynamics to include information reservoirs. Such information reservoirs, which can be modeled as a sequence of bits, modify the second law. For example, work extraction from a system in contact with a single…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-11-17 Andre C. Barato , Udo Seifert

The erasure of a classical bit of information is a dissipative process. The minimum heat produced during this operation has been theorized by Rolf Landauer in 1961 to be equal to $k_B T \ln 2$ and takes the name of Landauer limit, Landauer…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2016-09-28 Igor Neri , Miquel López-Suárez

The erasure of information is fundamentally an irreversible logical operation, carrying profound consequences for the energetics of computation and information processing. We investigate the thermodynamic costs associated with erasing (and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-23 Himanshu Badhani , Dhanuja GS , Swati Choudhary , Vishal Anand , Siddhartha Das

This article discusses the concept of information and its intimate relationship with physics. After an introduction of all the necessary quantum mechanical and information theoretical concepts we analyze Landauer's principle that states…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 M. B. Plenio , V. Vitelli

Conventional computing has many sources of heat dissipation, but one of these--the Landauer limit--poses a fundamental lower bound of 1 bit of entropy per bit erased. 'Reversible Computing' avoids this source of dissipation, but is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-25 Hannah Earley

Reducing work fluctuation and dissipation in heat engines or, more generally, information heat engines that perform feedback control is vital to maximize their efficiency. The same problem arises when we attempt to maximize the efficiency…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-01-06 Ken Funo , Masahito Ueda