Related papers: Special subgroups of gyrogroups: Commutators, nucl…

Suppose that $G$ is a groupoid with binary operation $\otimes$. The pair $(G,\otimes)$ is said to be a gyrogroup if the operation $\otimes$ has a left identity, each element $a \in G$ has a left inverse and the gyroassociative law and the…

The concept of gyrogroups, with a weaker algebraic structure without associative law, was introduced under the background of $c$-ball of relativistically admissible velocities with Einstein velocity addition. A topological gyrogroup is just…

Suppose that $(T,\star)$ is a groupoid with a left identity such that each element $a\in T$ has a left inverse. Then $T$ is called a \textit{gyrogroup} if and only if $(i)$ there exists a function $gyr:T\times T\longrightarrow Aut(T)$ such…

The decomposition $\Gamma=BH$ of a group $\Gamma$ into a subset $B$ and a subgroup $H$ of $\Gamma$ induces, under general conditions, a group-like structure for $B$, known as a gyrogroup. The famous concrete realization of a gyrogroup,…

This article explores the novel notion of gyrogroup actions, which is a natural generalization of the usual notion of group actions. As a first step toward the study of gyrogroup actions from the algebraic viewpoint, we prove three…

In this era of an increased interest in loop theory, the Einstein velocity addition law has fresh resonance. One of the most fascinating aspects of recent work in Einstein's special theory of relativity is the emergence of special grouplike…

If $K$ is a closed subgroup of a compact group $G$, the probability that randomly chosen pair of elements from $K$ and $G$ commute is denoted by $Pr(K,G)$. Say that a subgroup $K\leq G$ is $\epsilon$-central in $G$ if $Pr(\langle g…

In this paper we present some algebraic properties of subgroupoids and normal subgroupoids. We define the normalizer of a wide subgroupoid $\mathcal{H}$ and show that, as in the case of groups, the normalizer is the greatest wide…

A gyrogroup is a structure constituting from a non-empty set and a binary operation such that satisfying the left identity, and left inverse conditions, and also has the associative-like law said to be left gyroassociativity and left loop…

Let $K$ be a subgroup of a finite group $G$. The probability that an element of $G$ commutes with an element of $K$ is denoted by $Pr(K,G)$. Assume that $Pr(K,G)\geq\epsilon$ for some fixed $\epsilon>0$. We show that there is a normal…

Let $A$ be the ring of elements in an algebraic function field $K$ over a finite field $F_q$ which are integral outside a fixed place $\infty$. In an earlier paper we have shown that the Drinfeld modular group $G=GL_2(A)$ has automorphisms…

A subgroup $H$ of a group $G$ is confined if the $G$-orbit of $H$ under conjugation is bounded away from the trivial subgroup in the space $\operatorname{Sub}(G)$ of subgroups of $G$. We prove a commutator lemma for confined subgroups. For…

Let $\mathfrak F$ be a formation and let $G$ be a group. A subgroup $H$ of $G$ is $\mathrm{K}\mathfrak F$-subnormal (submodular) in $G$ if there is a subgroup chain $H=H_0\le \ H_1 \le \ \ldots \le H_i \leq H_{i+1}\le \ldots \le \ H_n=G$…

We say A is a quasi-normal subgroup of the group G if the commensurator of A in G is all of G. We develop geometric versions of commensurators in finitely generated groups. In particular, g is an element of the commensurator of A in G iff…

Given a group $G$, we write $g^G$ for the conjugacy class of $G$ containing the element $g$. A theorem of B. H. Neumann states that if $G$ is a group in which all conjugacy classes are finite with bounded size, then the commutator subgroup…

Let p be a prime, K a field of characteristic p, G a locally finite p-group, KG the group algebra, and V the group of the units of KG with augmentation 1. The anti-automorphism g\mapsto g^{-1} of G extends linearly to KG; this extension…

A closed subgroup of a semisimple algebraic group is called irreducible if it lies in no proper parabolic subgroup. In this paper we classify all irreducible $A_1$ subgroups of exceptional algebraic groups $G$. Consequences are given…

The number of subgroups and the number of cyclic subgroups are natural combinatorial invariants of a finite group. We investigate how restrictions on these quantities, together with the number of distinct prime divisors of $|G|$, enforce…

Let $H$ be a normal subgroup of a group $G$. The normal subgroup based power graph $\Gamma_H(G)$ of $G$ is the simple undirected graph with vertex set $V(\Gamma_H(G))= (G\setminus H)\cup \{e\}$ and two distinct vertices $a$ and $b$ are…

The normal covering number $\gamma(G)$ of a finite, non-cyclic group $G$ is the minimum number of proper subgroups such that each element of $G$ lies in some conjugate of one of these subgroups. We find lower bounds linear in $n$ for…