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Over the past decades, cognitive neuroscientists and behavioral economists have recognized the value of describing the process of decision making in detail and modeling the emergence of decisions over time. For example, the time it takes to…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-24 Mrugsen Nagsen Gopnarayan , Jaan Aru , Sebastian Gluth

When decision makers evaluate a sequence of rewards, they may pay more attention to larger rewards and, given attention is limited, less attention to smaller rewards. They may also become less attentive to each reward when attention is…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-05-20 Zijian Zark Wang

In artificial intelligence, multi agent systems constitute an interesting typology of society modeling, and have in this regard vast fields of application, which extend to the human sciences. Logic is often used to model such kind of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-23 Valentina Pitoni

This paper reveals a trap for artificial general intelligence (AGI) theorists who use economists' standard method of discounting. This trap is implicitly and falsely assuming that a rational AGI would have time-consistent preferences. An…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-26 James D. Miller , Roman Yampolskiy

According to the dominant view, time in perceptual decision making is used for integrating new sensory evidence. Based on a probabilistic framework, we investigated the alternative hypothesis that time is used for gradually refining an…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2015-02-12 Máté Lengyel , Ádám Koblinger , Marjena Popović , József Fiser

Agents that learn to select optimal actions represent a prominent focus of the sequential decision-making literature. In the face of a complex environment or constraints on time and resources, however, aiming to synthesize such an optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Dilip Arumugam , Benjamin Van Roy

In a co-evolutionary context, the survive probability of individual elements of a system depends on their relation with their neighbors. The natural selection process depends on the whole population, which is determined by local events…

Biological Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Juan G. Diaz Ochoa

Humans are adept at uncovering abstract associations in the world around them, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Intuitively, learning the higher-order structure of statistical relationships should involve complex…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-03-26 Christopher W. Lynn , Ari E. Kahn , Nathaniel Nyema , Danielle S. Bassett

Enquiries concerning the underlying mechanisms and the emergent properties of a biological brain have a long history of theoretical postulates and experimental findings. Today, the scientific community tends to converge to a single…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-01-17 Zafeirios Fountas , Alexey Zakharov

This paper proposes a novel theoretical model to explain how the human mind and artificial intelligence can approach real-time awareness by reducing perceptual delays. By investigating cosmic signal delay, neurological reaction times, and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-05-16 Carmel Mary Esther A

I model a rational agent who experiences endogenous deadline pressure in the face of a fixed future deadline. The agent holds a resource stock, and opportunities to spend resources arise randomly according to a Poisson process. When the…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-09-10 Conrad Kosowsky

The measurement of time is central to intelligent behavior. We know that both animals and artificial agents can successfully use temporal dependencies to select actions. In artificial agents, little work has directly addressed (1) which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-10 Ben Deverett , Ryan Faulkner , Meire Fortunato , Greg Wayne , Joel Z. Leibo

To maximize future rewards in this ever-changing world, animals must be able to discover the temporal structure of stimuli and then anticipate or act correctly at the right time. How the animals perceive, maintain, and use time intervals…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-07-08 Zedong Bi , Changsong Zhou

We study whether language models (LMs) exhibit future- versus present-oriented preferences in intertemporal choice and whether those preferences can be systematically manipulated. Using adapted human experimental protocols, we evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Ali Mazyaki , Mohammad Naghizadeh , Samaneh Ranjkhah Zonouzaghi , Hossein Setareh

Long-horizon language agents must operate under limited runtime memory, yet existing memory mechanisms often organize experience around descriptive criteria such as relevance, salience, or summary quality. For an agent, however, memory is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Mingxi Zou , Zhihan Guo , Langzhang Liang , Zhuo Wang , Qifan Wang , Qingsong Wen , Irwin King , Lizhen Qu , Zenglin Xu

Bias exists in how we pick leaders, who we perceive as being influential, and who we interact with, not only in society, but in organizational contexts. Drawing from leadership emergence and social influence theories, we investigate…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-04-06 Andria L. Smith , Simon Heuschkel , Ksenia Keplinger , Charley M. Wu

We empirically study the activity patterns of individual blog-posting and find significant memory effects. The memory coefficient first decays in a power law and then turns to an exponential form. Moreover, the inter-event time distribution…

Physics and Society · Physics 2010-11-03 Peng Wang , Tao Zhou , Xiao-Pu Han , Bing-Hong Wang

Equipping artificial agents with useful exploration mechanisms remains a challenge to this day. Humans, on the other hand, seem to manage the trade-off between exploration and exploitation effortlessly. In the present article, we put…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Marcel Binz , Eric Schulz

This paper brings together divergent approaches to time inconsistency from macroeconomic policy and behavioural economics. Behavioural discount functions from behavioural microeconomics are embedded into a game-theoretic analysis of…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2019-07-19 Michelle Baddeley

A possibly immortal agent tries to maximise its summed discounted rewards over time, where discounting is used to avoid infinite utilities and encourage the agent to value current rewards more than future ones. Some commonly used discount…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-07-15 Tor Lattimore , Marcus Hutter