Related papers: Parasitic Numbers at Arbitrary Base
After a short review of the historical milestones on normal numbers, we introduce the Borel numbers as the reals admitting a probability function on their different bases representations. In this setting, we provide two probabilistic…
The decimal digits of $\pi$ are widely believed to behave like as statistically independent random variables taking the values $0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5$, $6, 7, 8, 9$ with equal probabilities $1/10$. In this article, first, another similar…
A number system coding for the permutations generated by cyclic shift is described. The system allows to find the rank of a permutation given how it has been generated, and to determine a permutation given its rank. It defines a code…
Let $B$ be an infinite subset of $\mathbf{N}$. When we consider partitions of natural numbers into elements of $B$, a partition number without a restriction of the number of equal parts can be expressed by partition numbers with a…
In the present paper we explore a way to represent numbers with respect to the base $-\frac32$ using the set of digits $\{0,1,2\}$. Although this number system shares several properties with the classical decimal system, it shows remarkable…
In this paper, we show that the concatenation of the Fibonacci sequence is \textit{normal} in base $10$, meaning every string of a given length, $k$, occurs as frequently as every other string of length $k$ (there are as many $1$'s as $2$'s…
In this paper, we compute the asymptotic average of the decimals of some real numbers. With the help of this computation, we prove that if a real number cannot be represented as a finite decimal and the asymptotic average of its decimals is…
We discuss how to write down three specific natural numbers $A$, $B$, $C$ such that for any real number $r$ you've probably ever thought of, it is consistent with $\mathsf{ZFC}$ set theory that $$\def\Rb{\mathbb{R}}\def\Nb{\mathbb{N}}r =…
In this paper, we prove that for $d=3,\dots,8$, every natural number can be written as $t_x+t_y+3t_z+dt_w$, where $x$, $y$, $z$, and $w$ are nonnegative integers and $t_k=k(k+1)/2$ $(k=0,1,2,\ldots)$ is a triangular number. Furthermore, we…
In this paper we study some structure properties of primitive weird numbers in terms of their factorization. We give sufficient conditions to ensure that a positive integer is weird. Two algorithms for generating weird numbers having a…
In this work we show that the prime distribution is deterministic. Indeed the set of prime numbers P can be expressed in terms of two subsets of N using three specific selection rules, acting on two sets of prime candidates. The prime…
Around the year 2007, one of the authors, Tsai, accidentally discovered a property of the number $198$ he saw on the license plate of a car. Namely, if we take $198$ and its reversal $891$, which have prime factorizations $198 = 2\cdot…
We give metric theorems for the property of Borel normality for real numbers under the assumption of digit dependencies in their expansion in a given integer base. We quantify precisely how much digit dependence can be allowed such that,…
Champernowne famously proved that the number $0.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)...$ formed by concatenating all the integers one after another is normal base 10. We give a generalization of Champernowne's construction to various…
What is the distance between 11 (a prime number) and 12 (a highly composite number)? If your answer is 1, then ask yourself "is this reasonable?" In this work, we will introduce a distance between natural numbers based on their arithmetic…
In recent years, computer simulations are playing a fundamental role in unveiling some of the most intriguing features of prime numbers. In this work, we define an algorithm for a deterministic walk through a two-dimensional grid that we…
A complex number $\lambda$ is said to be non-free if the subgroup of $SL(2,\bc)$ generated by $$X=\begin{pmatrix} 1& 1\\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \,\, \text{and}\,\,\,Y_{\lambda}=\begin{pmatrix} 1& 0\\ \lambda & 1 \end{pmatrix}$$ is not a free…
Ordinary binary multiplication of natural numbers can be generalized in a non-trivial way to a ternary operation by considering discrete volumes of lattice hexagons. With this operation, a natural notion of `3-primality' -- primality with…
In the present paper the authors construct normal numbers in base $q$ by concatenating $q$-adic expansions of prime powers $\lfloor\alpha p^\theta\rfloor$ with $\alpha>0$ and $\theta>1$.
In the year 2007, the author discovered an intriguing property of the number $198$ he saw on the license plate of a car. Namely, if we take $198$ and its reversal $891$, prime factorize each number, and sum the numbers appearing in each…