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The evaluation of heuristic optimizers on test problems, better known as \emph{benchmarking}, is a cornerstone of research in multi-objective optimization. However, most test problems used in benchmarking numerical multi-objective black-box…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-26 Lennart Schäpermeier , Pascal Kerschke

This document details the rationales behind assessing the performance of numerical black-box optimizers on multi-objective problems within the COCO platform and in particular on the biobjective test suite bbob-biobj. The evaluation is based…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-05-09 Dimo Brockhoff , Tea Tušar , Dejan Tušar , Tobias Wagner , Nikolaus Hansen , Anne Auger

Although synthetic test problems are widely used for the performance assessment of evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithms, they are likely to include unrealistic properties which may lead to overestimation/underestimation. To…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Ryoji Tanabe , Hisao Ishibuchi

The bbob-largescale test suite, containing 24 single-objective functions in continuous domain, extends the well-known single-objective noiseless bbob test suite, which has been used since 2009 in the BBOB workshop series, to large…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-03-29 Ouassim Elhara , Konstantinos Varelas , Duc Nguyen , Tea Tusar , Dimo Brockhoff , Nikolaus Hansen , Anne Auger

Benchmarking is a key aspect of research into optimization algorithms, and as such the way in which the most popular benchmark suites are designed implicitly guides some parts of algorithm design. One of these suites is the black-box…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Fu Xing Long , Diederick Vermetten , Bas van Stein , Anna V. Kononova

Dynamic multi-objective optimization with a changing number of objectives has recently attracted increasing attention due to its relevance to real-world problems whose evaluation criteria may evolve over time. However, existing benchmark…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ke Shang , Zhiyun Xiao , Yuxuan Liu , Jianguo Li , Shaojiang Wang , Wei Sun

Structural bias (SB) refers to systematic preferences of an optimisation algorithm for particular regions of the search space that arise independently of the objective function. While SB has been studied extensively in single-objective…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Jakub Kudela , Niki van Stein , Thomas Bäck , Anna V. Kononova

Benchmark problems play a central role in assessing the performance of numerical optimization algorithms. However, many existing constrained multiobjective optimization benchmark problems rely on overly restricted constructions or lack…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-13 Anne Auger , Dimo Brockhoff , Luka Opravš , Tea Tušar

The landscapes of real-world optimization problems can vary strongly depending on the application. In engineering design optimization, objective functions and constraints are often derived from governing equations, resulting in moderate…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Nobuo Namura

In this paper, we consider black-box multiobjective optimization problems in which all objective functions are not given analytically. In multiobjective optimization, it is important to produce a set of uniformly distributed discrete…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-02-11 Kwang-Hui Ju , Ju-Song Kim

Dynamic multiobjective optimisation has gained increasing attention in recent years. Test problems are of great importance in order to facilitate the development of advanced algorithms that can handle dynamic environments well. However,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-07 Shouyong Jiang , Marcus Kaiser , Shengxiang Yang , Stefanos Kollias , Natalio Krasnogor

In multiobjective optimisation, a set of scalable test problems with a variety of features allow researchers to investigate and evaluate the abilities of different optimisation algorithms, and thus can help them to design and develop more…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-24 Liangli Zhen , Miqing Li , Ran Cheng , Dezhong Peng , Xin Yao

The goal of multi-objective optimization is to understand optimal trade-offs between competing objective functions by finding the Pareto front, i.e., the set of all Pareto optimal solutions, where no objective can be improved without…

Recently, there has been growing interest within the theoretical community in analytically studying multi-objective evolutionary algorithms. This runtime analysis-focused research can help formally understand algorithm behaviour, explain…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Zimin Liang , Miqing Li

Constrained multiobjective optimization has gained much interest in the past few years. However, constrained multiobjective optimization problems (CMOPs) are still unsatisfactorily understood. Consequently, the choice of adequate CMOPs for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Aljoša Vodopija , Tea Tušar , Bogdan Filipič

Convex quadratic objective functions are an important base case in state-of-the-art benchmark collections for single-objective optimization on continuous domains. Although often considered rather simple, they represent the highly relevant…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Tobias Glasmachers

Automatically generating test suites is intrinsically a multi-objective problem, as any of the testing targets (e.g, statements to execute or mutants to kill) is an objective on its own. Test suite generation has peculiarities that are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-01-08 Andrea Arcuri

Multiobjective simulation optimization (MOSO) problems are optimization problems with multiple conflicting objectives, where evaluation of at least one of the objectives depends on a black-box numerical code or real-world experiment, which…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-13 Tyler H. Chang , Stefan M. Wild

Choosing a set of benchmark problems is often a key component of any empirical evaluation of iterative optimization heuristics. In continuous, single-objective optimization, several sets of problems have become widespread, including the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Diederick Vermetten , Furong Ye , Thomas Bäck , Carola Doerr

Single-objective black box optimization (also known as zeroth-order optimization) is the process of minimizing a scalar objective $f(x)$, given evaluations at adaptively chosen inputs $x$. In this paper, we consider multi-objective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Daniel Golovin , Qiuyi Zhang
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