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Fully homomorphic encryption allows the evaluation of arbitrary functions on encrypted data. It can be leveraged to secure outsourced and multiparty computation. TFHE is a fast torus-based fully homomorphic encryption scheme that allows…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Valentin Reyes Häusler , Gabriel Ott , Aruna Jayasena , Andreas Peter

We propose a symmetric key homomorphic encryption scheme based on the evaluation of multivariate polynomials over a finite field. The proposed scheme is somewhat homomorphic with respect to addition and multiplication. Further, we define a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-18 Uddipana Dowerah , Srinivasan Krishnaswamy

This article defines encrypted gate, which is denoted by $EG[U]:|\alpha\rangle\rightarrow\left((a,b),Enc_{a,b}(U|\alpha\rangle)\right)$. We present a gate-teleportation-based two-party computation scheme for $EG[U]$, where one party gives…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-19 Min Liang

We propose an unbounded fully homomorphic encryption scheme, i.e. a scheme that allows one to compute on encrypted data for any desired functions without needing to decrypt the data or knowing the decryption keys. This is a rational…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Zhiyong Zheng , Fengxia Liu , Kun Tian

Quantum homomorphic encryption is the corresponding technology of classical homomorphic encryption in the quantum field. Due to its ability to ensure the correctness of computation and the security of data, it is particularly suitable for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-13 Zhen-Zhen Li , Ming-Kui Liu , Wen-Ling Yang , Bo Gao , Zi-Chen Li

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) provides a powerful paradigm for secure computation, but its practical adoption is severely hindered by the prohibitive computational cost of its bootstrapping procedure. The complexity of all current…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Dongfang Zhao

In this paper, we evaluate the different fully homomorphic encryption schemes, propose an implementation, and numerically analyze the applicability of gradient descent algorithms to solve quadratic programming in a homomorphic encryption…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-06 André Bertolace , Konstantinos Gatsis , Kostas Margellos

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) enables computation on encrypted data without decryption, making it central to privacy-preserving applications. However, no existing scheme efficiently supports both arithmetic and comparison operations in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Erwin Eko Wahyudi , Yan Solihin , Qian Lou

In 2009, Gentry proposed the first Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) scheme, an extremely powerful cryptographic primitive that enables to perform computations, i.e., to evaluate circuits, on encrypted data without decrypting them first.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-08-17 Fabrice Benhamouda , Tancrède Lepoint , Claire Mathieu , Hang Zhou

Homomorphic encryption (HE) is a privacy-preserving technique that enables computation directly over ciphertext. Unfortunately, a key challenge for HE is that implementations can be impractically slow and have limits on computation that can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Hsuan Hsiao , Vincent Lee , Brandon Reagen , Armin Alaghi

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) enables an entity to perform arbitrary computation on encrypted data without decrypting the ciphertexts. An ongoing group-theoretical approach to construct an FHE scheme uses a certain "compression"…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-07-04 Koji Nuida

Brakerski showed that linearly decryptable fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) schemes cannot be secure in the chosen plaintext attack (CPA) model. In this paper, we show that linearly decryptable FHE schemes cannot be secure even in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Yongge Wang

Quantum computing has undergone rapid development in recent years. Owing to limitations on scalability, personal quantum computers still seem slightly unrealistic in the near future. The first practical quantum computer for ordinary users…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-07-04 He-Liang Huang , You-Wei Zhao , Tan Li , Feng-Guang Li , Yu-Tao Du , Xiang-Qun Fu , Shuo Zhang , Xiang Wang , Wan-Su Bao

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a powerful encryption technique that allows for computation to be performed on ciphertext without the need for decryption. FHE will thus enable privacy-preserving computation and a wide range of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Qian Lou , Muhammad Santriaji , Ardhi Wiratama Baskara Yudha , Jiaqi Xue , Yan Solihin

The widespread deployment of products powered by machine learning models is raising concerns around data privacy and information security worldwide. To address this issue, Federated Learning was first proposed as a privacy-preserving…

Recent advances in cryptography promise to enable secure statistical computation on encrypted data, whereby a limited set of operations can be carried out without the need to first decrypt. We review these homomorphic encryption schemes in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-08-27 Louis J. M. Aslett , Pedro M. Esperança , Chris C. Holmes

Since the first theoretically feasible full homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme was proposed in 2009, great progress has been achieved. These improvements have made FHE schemes come off the paper and become quite useful in solving some…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Yuqi Guo , Lin Li , Zhongxiang Zheng , Hanrui Yun , Ruoyan Zhang , Xiaolin Chang , Zhixuan Gao

Aiming at a ternary quantum logic circuit, four symmetric ternary quantum homomorphic encryption schemes, based on ternary quantum one-time protocol, were presented. First, for a one-qutrit rotation gate, a homomorphic quantum encryption…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Yuqi Wang , Kun She , Qingbin Luo , Fan Yang , Chao Zhao

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) has experienced significant development and continuous breakthroughs in theory, enabling its widespread application in various fields, like outsourcing computation and secure multi-party computing, in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Yanwei Gong , Xiaolin Chang , Jelena Mišić , Vojislav B. Mišić , Jianhua Wang , Haoran Zhu

Private set intersection (PSI) and private set union (PSU) are the crucial primitives in secure multiparty computation protocols, which enable several participants to jointly compute the intersection and union of their private sets without…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-03 Chong-Qiang Ye , Jian Li , Tianyu Ye , Xiaoyu Chen