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One way to interpret the reasoning power of transformer-based language models is to describe the types of logical rules they can resolve over some input text. Recently, Chiang et al. (2023) showed that finite-precision transformers can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-12 William Merrill , Ashish Sabharwal

We show a theorem on monadic second-order k-ary queries on finite words. It may be illustrated by the following example: if the number of results of a query on binary strings is O(number of 0s $\times$ number of 1s), then each result can be…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Lê Thành Dũng Nguyên , Paweł Parys

In this paper we study the logical aspects of branching automata, as defined by Lodaya and Weil. We first prove that the class of languages of finite N-free posets recognized by branching automata is closed under complementation. Then we…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-01-11 Bedon Nicolas

We introduce a novel decidable fragment of first-order logic. The fragment is one-dimensional in the sense that quantification is limited to applications of blocks of existential (universal) quantifiers such that at most one variable…

Logic · Mathematics 2014-04-16 Lauri Hella , Antti Kuusisto

Algorithmic meta-theorems, stating that graph properties expressible in some particular logic can be decided efficiently in graph classes having some specific structural properties, are now standard in sequential graph algorithms. One of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Benjamin Jauregui , Jason Li , Pedro Montealegre , Ioan Todinca

We give topological and algebraic characterizations as well as language theoretic descriptions of the following subclasses of first-order logic FO[<] for omega-languages: Sigma_2, FO^2, the intersection of FO^2 and Sigma_2, and Delta_2 (and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2009-10-02 Volker Diekert , Manfred Kufleitner

The description complexity of a model is the length of the shortest formula that defines the model. We study the description complexity of unary structures in first-order logic FO, also drawing links to semantic complexity in the form of…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-09-27 Reijo Jaakkola , Antti Kuusisto , Miikka Vilander

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance on a variety of natural language understanding tasks. However, existing benchmarks are inadequate in measuring the complex logical reasoning capabilities of a model. We…

In the framework of computable queries in Database Theory, there are many examples of queries to (properties of) relational database instances that can be expressed by simple and elegant third order logic ($\mathrm{TO}$) formulae. In many…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-12-12 Flavio Ferrarotti , Loredana Tec , José María Turull-Torres

The classical decision problem, as it is understood today, is the quest for a delineation between the decidable and the undecidable parts of first-order logic based on elegant syntactic criteria. In this paper, we treat the concept of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Marco Voigt

We show that the existence of a first-order formula separating two monadic second order formulas over countable ordinal words is decidable. This extends the work of Henckell and Almeida on finite words, and of Place and Zeitoun on…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Thomas Colcombet , Sam van Gool , Rémi Morvan

In this paper we systematically explore questions of succinctness in modal logics employed in spatial reasoning. We show that the closure operator, despite being less expressive, is exponentially more succinct than the limit-point operator,…

Logic · Mathematics 2017-08-15 David Fernández-Duque , Petar Iliev

Monadic second order logic (MSO2) plays an important role in parameterized complexity due to the Courcelle's theorem. This theorem states that the problem of checking if a given graph has a property specified by a given MSO2 formula can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Petr Kučera , Petr Martinek

Research on information extraction from Web pages (wrapping) has seen much activity recently (particularly systems implementations), but little work has been done on formally studying the expressiveness of the formalisms proposed or on the…

Databases · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Georg Gottlob , Christoph Koch

We investigate the problem of determining a compact underspecified semantical representation for sentences that may be highly ambiguous. Due to combinatorial explosion, the naive method of building semantics for the different syntactic…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Jochen Doerre

In this paper, we study whether transformer-based language models can extract predicate argument structure from simple sentences. We firstly show that language models sometimes confuse which predicates apply to which objects. To mitigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Akshay Chaturvedi , Nicholas Asher

In the context of continuous first-order logic, special attention is often given to theories that are somehow continuous in an 'essential' way. A common feature of such theories is that they do not interpret any infinite discrete…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-06-27 James Hanson

We introduce a logical foundation to reason on tree structures with constraints on the number of node occurrences. Related formalisms are limited to express occurrence constraints on particular tree regions, as for instance the children of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Everardo Bárcenas , Jesús Lavalle

Justification theory is an abstract unifying formalism that captures semantics of various non-monotonic logics. One intriguing problem that has received significant attention is the consistency problem: under which conditions are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Simon Marynissen , Bart Bogaerts

It was recently shown by van den Broeck at al. that the symmetric weighted first-order model counting problem (WFOMC) for sentences of two-variable logic FO2 is in polynomial time, while it is Sharp-P_1 complete for some FO3-sentences. We…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-04-27 Antti Kuusisto , Carsten Lutz