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This paper presents an approach based on supervised machine learning methods to build a classifier that can identify text complexity in order to present Arabic language learners with texts suitable to their levels. The approach is based on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Sadik Bessou , Ghozlane Chenni

English proficiency assessments have become a necessary metric for filtering and selecting prospective candidates for both academia and industry. With the rise in demand for such assessments, it has become increasingly necessary to have the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Pakhi Bamdev , Manraj Singh Grover , Yaman Kumar Singla , Payman Vafaee , Mika Hama , Rajiv Ratn Shah

Methods for scoring text readability have been studied for over a century, and are widely used in research and in user-facing applications in many domains. Thus far, the development and evaluation of such methods have primarily relied on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Keren Gruteke Klein , Shachar Frenkel , Omer Shubi , Yevgeni Berzak

Evaluating the readability of a text can significantly facilitate the precise expression of information in written form. The formulation of text readability assessment involves the identification of meaningful properties of the text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Hamid Mohammadi , Seyed Hossein Khasteh , Tahereh Firoozi , Taha Samavati

Literacy assessment is an important activity for education administrators across the globe. Typically achieved in a school setting by testing a child's oral reading, it is intensive in human resources. While automatic speech recognition…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-02 Charvi Vitthal , Shreeharsha B S , Kamini Sabu , Preeti Rao

Readability assessment is the process of identifying the level of ease or difficulty of a certain piece of text for its intended audience. Approaches have evolved from the use of arithmetic formulas to more complex pattern-recognizing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Joseph Marvin Imperial , Ethel Ong

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for supporting second language acquisition, particularly in simulating interactive dialogues for speaking practice. However, adapting the language difficulty of LLM-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Shuyao Xu , Wenguang Wang , Handong Gao , Wei Kang , Long Qin , Weizhi Wang

Readability assessment aims to evaluate the reading difficulty of a text. In recent years, while deep learning technology has been gradually applied to readability assessment, most approaches fail to consider either the length of the text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Yurui Zheng , Yijun Chen , Shaohong Zhang

We leverage generative large language models for language learning applications, focusing on estimating the difficulty of foreign language texts and simplifying them to lower difficulty levels. We frame both tasks as prediction problems and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Henri Jamet , Yash Raj Shrestha , Michalis Vlachos

With the advancement of large language models (LLMs), an increasing number of student models have leveraged LLMs to analyze textual artifacts generated by students to understand and evaluate their learning. These student models typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Jiayi Zhang

For both human readers and pre-trained language models (PrLMs), lexical diversity may lead to confusion and inaccuracy when understanding the underlying semantic meanings of given sentences. By substituting complex words with simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Rongzhou Bao , Jiayi Wang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao

Readability assessment is the task of determining how difficult or easy a text is or which level/grade it has. Traditionally, language dependent readability formula have been used, but these formulae take few text characteristics into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Kepa Bengoetxea , Itziar Gonzalez-Dios

Reading comprehension, which has been defined as gaining an understanding of written text through a process of translating grapheme into meaning, is an important academic skill. Other language learning skills - writing, speaking and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Santosh Kumar Barnwal

This article addresses Second Language (L2) writing development through an investigation of new grammatical and structural complexity metrics. We explore the paradigmatic production in learner English by linking language functions to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Cyriel Mallart , Andrew Simpkin , Nicolas Ballier , Paula Lissón , Rémi Venant , Jen-Yu Li , Bernardo Stearns , Thomas Gaillat

The occurrence of unknown words in texts significantly hinders reading comprehension. To improve accessibility for specific target populations, computational modelling has been applied to identify complex words in texts and substitute them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Kai North , Marcos Zampieri , Matthew Shardlow

Current lexical simplification approaches rely heavily on heuristics and corpus level features that do not always align with human judgment. We create a human-rated word-complexity lexicon of 15,000 English words and propose a novel neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-16 Mounica Maddela , Wei Xu

We introduce an evaluation methodology for reading comprehension tasks based on the intuition that certain examples, by the virtue of their linguistic complexity, consistently yield lower scores regardless of model size or architecture. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Elie Antoine , Frédéric Béchet , Géraldine Damnati , Philippe Langlais

An evaluation metric is an absolute necessity for measuring the performance of any system and complexity of any data. In this paper, we have discussed how to determine the level of complexity of code-mixed social media texts that are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-06 Souvick Ghosh , Satanu Ghosh , Dipankar Das

Automatic scoring system is extremely complex for any language. Because natural language itself is a complex model. When we evaluate articles generated by natural language, we need to view the articles from many dimensions such as word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-27 Wanhong Huang

Understanding the text in legal documents can be challenging due to their complex structure and the inclusion of domain-specific jargon. Laws and regulations are often crafted in such a manner that engagement with them requires formal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Yu Han , Aaron Ceross , Jeroen H. M. Bergmann