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The Born rule postulates that the probability of measurement in quantum mechanics is related to the squared modulus of the wave function $\psi$. We rearrange the equation for energy eigenfunctions to define the energy as the real part of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-19 Nikodem Popławski , Michael Del Grosso

One of the main concepts in quantum physics is a density matrix, which is a symmetric positive definite matrix of trace one. Finite probability distributions are a special case where the density matrix is restricted to be diagonal. Density…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-08-14 Manfred K. Warmuth , Dima Kuzmin

We introduce a 'uniform tension-reduction' (UTR) model, which allows to represent the probabilities associated with an arbitrary measurement situation and use it to explain the emergence of quantum probabilities (the Born rule) as 'uniform'…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-17 Diederik Aerts , Massimiliano Sassoli de Bianchi

The concept of probability was prominent in the original foundations of quantum mechanics, and continues to be so today. Indeed, the controversies regarding objective and subjective interpretations of probability have again become active. I…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Leslie Ballentine

We demonstrate that behavioral probabilities of human decision makers share many common features with quantum probabilities. This does not imply that humans are some quantum objects, but just shows that the mathematics of quantum theory is…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-04-05 V. I. Yukalov , D. Sornette

Some notes about quantum physics, an interpretation if one wishes, are put forward, insisting on `closely following the mathematics/formalism, the `nuts and bolts of what quantum physics says'. These, basically well-known, issues seem to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-03 Eliahu Levy

Non-relativistic quantum mechanics is reformulated here based on the idea that relational properties among quantum systems, instead of the independent properties of a quantum system, are the most fundamental elements to construct quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-20 Jianhao M. Yang

We re-examine d=4 hidden-variables-models for a system of two spin-$1/2$ particles in view of the concrete model of Hardy, who analyzed the criterion of entanglement without referring to inequality. The basis of our analysis is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-01-17 Kazuo Fujikawa , C. H. Oh , Chengjie Zhang

Probabilistic description of results of measurements and its consequences for understanding quantum mechanics are discussed. It is shown that the basic mathematical structure of quantum mechanics like the probability amplitude, Born rule,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 L. Skala , V. Kapsa

The principal goal of this paper is to pass all quantum probability formulas to the projective space associated to the complex Hilbert space of a given quantum system, providing a more complete geometrization of quantum theory. Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-18 Stephen Bruce Sontz

Applications of quantum mechanics have led to many successful predictions and explanations of puzzling phenomena, and we now apply quantum mechanics to gain, process, and communicate information in novel ways. We can understand quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Richard Healey

We take the view that physical quantities are values generated by processes in measurement, not pre-existent objective quantities, and that a measurement result is strictly a product of the apparatus and the subject of the measurement. We…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Charles Francis

Weak measurements of photon position can be used to obtain direct experimental evidence of the wavefunction of a photon between generation and ultimate detection. Significantly, these measurement results can also be understood as complex…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-06-11 Holger F. Hofmann

The standard postulates of quantum theory can be divided into two groups: the first one characterizes the structure and dynamics of pure states, while the second one specifies the structure of measurements and the corresponding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-18 Thomas D. Galley , Lluis Masanes

A new wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation for the quantum formalism is presented by proving that the Schr\"odinger wave function is an `{\it instantaneous resonant spatial mode}' in which the quantum particle moves. The probabilities…

General Physics · Physics 2019-02-06 N Gurappa

The fundamental algebraic concepts of quantum mechanics, as expressed by many authors, are reviewed and translated into the framework of the relatively new non-distributive system of Boolean fractions (also called conditional events or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Philip G. Calabrese

An examination is made of the differing implications from applying the two mainstream interpretations of probability, frequentist and Bayesian, to QM (quantum mechanics) theory for the Bohm-EPR experiment. The joint probability distribution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-09 James L. Beck

The new interpretation of Quantum Mechanics is based on a complex probability theory. An interpretation postulate specifies events which can be observed and it follows that the complex probability of such event is, in fact, a real positive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Jiri Soucek

An extension of the Born rule, the {\it quantum typicality rule}, has recently been proposed [B. Galvan: Found. Phys. 37, 1540-1562 (2007)]. Roughly speaking, this rule states that if the wave function of a particle is split into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-06-08 Bruno Galvan

Functions with singularities are notoriously difficult to approximate with conventional approximation schemes. In computational applications, they are often resolved with low-order piecewise polynomials, multilevel schemes, or other types…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-07-30 Nicolas Boullé , Astrid Herremans , Daan Huybrechs