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Thermodynamic principles are often deceptively simple and yet surprisingly powerful. We show how a simple rule, such as the net flow of energy in and out of a moving atom under nonequilibrium steady state condition, can expose the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-30 Daniel Reiche , Francesco Intravaia , Jen-Tsung Hsiang , Kurt Busch , Bei-Lok Hu

We formulate a geometric framework in which physical laws emerge from restricted access to microscopic information. Measurement constraints are modeled as a gauge symmetry acting on density operators, inducing a gauge-reduced space of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Tiago Pernambuco , Lucas Chibebe Céleri

The thermodynamic behavior of out-of-equilibrium quantum systems in finite-time dynamics encompasses the description of energy fluctuations, which dictates a series of system's physical properties. In addition, strong interactions in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-05 Krissia Zawadzki , Roberto M. Serra , Irene D'Amico

We analyse the thermodynamics of a quantum system in a trajectory of constant velocity that interacts with a static thermal bath. The latter is modeled by a massless scalar field in a thermal state. We consider two different couplings of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-14 Nikolaos Papadatos , Charis Anastopoulos

The principle of covariance, a cornerstone of modern physics, asserts the equivalence of all inertial frames of reference. Fluctuation theorems, as extensions of the second law of thermodynamics, establish universal connections between…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-06-18 Ji-Hui Pei , Jin-Fu Chen , H. T. Quan

Quantitative measure of disorder or randomness based on the entropy production characterizes thermodynamical irreversibility, which is relevant to the conventional second law of thermodynamics. Here we report, in a quantum mechanical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-07 J. W. Zhang , K. Rehan , M. Li , J. C. Li , L. Chen , S. -L. Su , L. -L. Yan , F. Zhou , M. Feng

In this article it will be introduced a new theorem, can be considered a generalization of Hellmann-Feynman theorem[1]. The latter used in conjunction with the quantization of the free energy[2] of a quantum system allows to derive…

Materials Science · Physics 2020-12-02 S. Selenu

Fluctuation theorems are fundamental extensions of the second law of thermodynamics for small nonequilibrium systems. While work and heat are equally important forms of energy exchange, fluctuation relations have not been experimentally…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-02-24 Markus Rademacher , Michael Konopik , Maxime Debiossac , David Grass , Eric Lutz , Nikolai Kiesel

We analyse diffusion at low temperature by bringing the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) to bear on a physically natural, viscous response-function R(t). The resulting diffusion-law exhibits several distinct regimes of time and…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-05-03 Urbashi Satpathi , Supurna Sinha , Rafael D. Sorkin

We study quantum heat exchange in a multi-state impurity coupled to two thermal reservoirs. Allowing for strong system-bath interactions, we show that a steady-state heat exchange fluctuation theorem holds, though the dynamical processes…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-28 L. Nicolin , D. Segal

Based on quantum statistical mechanics and microscopic quantum dynamics, we prove Planck's and Kelvin's principles for macroscopic systems in a general and realistic setting. We consider a hybrid quantum system that consists of the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-05-04 Hal Tasaki

Temperature uncertainty of a quantum system in canonical ensemble is inversely determined by its energy fluctuation, which is known as the temperature-energy uncertainty relation. No such uncertainty relation was discovered for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-03 Ning Zhang , Si-Yuan Bai , Chong Chen

A new thermodynamic inequality is derived which leads to the maximum work that can be extracted from multi-heat baths with the assistance of discrete quantum feedback control. The maximum work is determined by the free-energy difference and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Takahiro Sagawa , Masahito Ueda

Recent research on the thermodynamic arrow of time, at the microscopic scale, has questioned the universality of its direction. Theoretical studies showed that quantum correlations can be used to revert the natural heat flow (from the hot…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-13 Ivan Henao , Roberto M. Serra

We derive detailed and intergral fluctuation relations as well as a Thermodynamic Uncertainty Relation constraining the exchange statistics of an arbitrary number of non-commuting conserved quantities among two quantum systems in transport…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Matteo Scandi , Gonzalo Manzano

We report two results complementing the second law of thermodynamics for Markovian open quantum systems coupled to multiple reservoirs with different temperatures and chemical potentials. First, we derive a nonequilibrium free energy…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-04-18 Krzysztof Ptaszynski , Massimiliano Esposito

We investigate the thermodynamic behavior of open quantum systems through the Hamiltonian of Mean Force, focusing on two models: a two-qubit system interacting with a thermal bath and a Jaynes-Cummings Model without the rotating wave…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-03 Neha Pathania , Devvrat Tiwari , Subhashish Banerjee

The second law of thermodynamics prohibits spontaneous heat from a cold to a hot body. However, it has been theoretically and experimentally shown that energy can flow from a cold to a hot body if the bodies are initially correlated. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-06 Tharon Holdsworth , Ryoichi Kawai

The zeroth principle of thermodynamics in the form "temperature is uniform at equilibrium" is notoriously violated in relativistic gravity. Temperature uniformity is often derived from the maximization of the total number of microstates of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-03-12 Hal M. Haggard , Carlo Rovelli

It was first suggested by David Z. Albert that the existence of a real, physical non-unitary process (i.e., "collapse") at the quantum level would yield a complete explanation for the Second Law of Thermodynamics (i.e., the increase in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-24 R. E. Kastner