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A mixed extension of a graph $G$ is a graph $H$ obtained from $G$ by replacing each vertex of $G$ by a clique or a coclique, whilst two vertices in $H$ corresponding to distinct vertices $x$ and $y$ of $G$ are adjacent whenever $x$ and $y$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-07-23 Willem H. Haemers , Sezer Sorgun , Hatice Topcu

An eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of a graph is said to be \emph{main} if the all-1 vector is not orthogonal to the associated eigenspace. In this work, we approach the main eigenvalues of some graphs. The graphs with exactly two main…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Nair Abreu , Domingos M. Cardoso , Francisca A. M. França , Cybele T. M. Vinagre

We consider a hierarchy of graph invariants that naturally extends the spectral invariants defined by F\"urer (Lin. Alg. Appl. 2010) based on the angles formed by the set of standard basis vectors and their projections onto eigenspaces of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-05-06 V. Arvind , Frank Fuhlbrück , Johannes Köbler , Oleg Verbitsky

It is well known that a graph is bipartite if and only if the spectrum of its adjacency matrix is symmetric. In the present paper, this assertion is dissected into three separate matrix results of wider scope, which are extended also to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-05-11 V. Nikiforov

We provide a criterion to distinguish two graphs which are indistinguishable by $2$-dimensional Weisfeiler-Lehman algorithm for almost all graphs. Haemers conjectured that almost all graphs are identified by their spectrum. Our approach…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-21 Wei Wang , Da Zhao

Graph classification plays an important role is data mining, and various methods have been developed recently for classifying graphs. In this paper, we propose a novel method for graph classification that is based on homotopy equivalence of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Alexander V. Evako

In 2003, van Dam and Haemers posed a fundamental question in spectral graph theory: does there exist a ``sensible'' matrix whose spectrum determines a random graph up to isomorphism? This paper introduces the class of {\em natural graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-03 Ziqing Xiang

It is not hard to find many complete bipartite graphs which are not determined by their spectra. We show that the graph obtained by deleting an edge from a complete bipartite graph is determined by its spectrum. We provide some graphs, each…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-01-27 Chia-an Liu , Chih-wen Weng

Switching is an operation on a graph that does not change the spectrum of the adjacency matrix, thus producing cospectral graphs. An important activity in the field of spectral graph theory is the characterization of graphs by their…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-03 Aida Abiad , Nils Van de Berg , Robin Simoens

In this paper we study the complementarity spectrum of digraphs, with special attention to the problem of digraph characterization through this complementarity spectrum. That is, whether two non-isomorphic digraphs with the same number of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-10-11 Diego Bravo , Florencia Cubría , Marcelo Fiori , Vilmar Trevisan

The {\em spectrum} of a first-order logic sentence is the set of natural numbers that are cardinalities of its finite models. In this paper we show that when restricted to using only two variables, but allowing counting quantifiers, the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-06-12 Eryk Kopczynski , Tony Tan

Graph is an abstract representation commonly used to model networked systems and structure. In problems across various fields, including computer vision and pattern recognition, and neuroscience, graphs are often brought into comparison (a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-03-04 Quoc Van Tran , Hyo-Sung Ahn

In this short note, we introduce cospectral graphons, paralleling the notion of cospectral graphs. As in the graph case, we give three equivalent definitions: by equality of spectra, by equality of cycle densities, and by a unitary…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-21 Jan Hladký , Daniel Iľkovič , Jared León , Xichao Shu

We present a spectral theory of hypergraphs that closely parallels Spectral Graph Theory. A number of recent developments building upon classical work has led to a rich understanding of "hyperdeterminants" of hypermatrices, a.k.a.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-10-27 Joshua Cooper , Aaron Dutle

We discuss the definability of finite graphs in first-order logic with two relation symbols for adjacency and equality of vertices. The logical depth $D(G)$ of a graph $G$ is equal to the minimum quantifier depth of a sentence defining $G$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-04-30 Oleg Pikhurko , Oleg Verbitsky

In this paper, we introduce a graph structure called linear dependence graph of a finite dimensional vector space over a finite field. Some basic properties of the graph like connectedness, completeness, planarity, clique number, chromatic…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-03-31 A. K. Bhuniya , Sushobhan Maity

In finite group theory, studying the prime graph of a group has been an important topic for almost the past half-century. Recently, prime graphs of solvable groups have been characterized in graph theoretical terms only. This now allows the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-11-19 Chris Florez , Jonathan Higgins , Kyle Huang , Thomas Michael Keller , Dawei Shen

We introduce a hypergraph matrix, named the unified matrix, and use it to represent the hypergraph as a graph. We show that the unified matrix of a hypergraph is identical to the adjacency matrix of the associated graph. This enables us to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-12 R. Vishnupriya , R. Rajkumar

Characterizing graphs by their spectra is a fundamental and challenging problem in spectral graph theory, which has received considerable attention in recent years. A major unsolved conjecture in this area is Haemers' conjecture which…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-10-04 Wei Wang , Wei Wang

Given a graph $G$, we have the adjacency matrix $A(G)$ and degree diagonal matrix $D(G)$. The $Q$-spectrum is the all eigenvalues of $Q$-matrix $Q(G)=A(G)+D(G)$. A class of graphs is determined by their generalized $Q$-spectrum (DGQS for…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2023-11-07 Liwen Gao , Xuejun Guo