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According to the giant impact theory, the Moon formed through accreting the debris disk produced by a collision between Theia and the proto-Earth, and the predicted lunar orbital inclination relative to the Earth's equatorial plane is about…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-01 Wenshuai Liu

The multiple impact hypothesis proposes that the Moon formed through a series of smaller collisions, rather than a single giant impact. This study advances our understanding of this hypothesis, as well as moon collisions in other contexts,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-11-14 Uri Malamud , Hagai Perets

The leading theory for the origin of the Moon is the giant impact hypothesis, in which the Moon was formed out of the debris left over from the collision of a Mars-sized body with the Earth. Soon after its formation, the orbit of the Moon…

Popular Physics · Physics 2015-03-11 Emil Noordeh , Patrick Hall , Matija Cuk

The Moon is traditionally thought to have coalesced from the debris ejected by a giant impact onto the early Earth. However, such models struggle to explain the similar isotopic compositions of Earth and lunar rocks at the same time as the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-10-06 Jacob A. Kegerreis , Sergio Ruiz-Bonilla , Vincent R. Eke , Richard J. Massey , Thomas D. Sandnes , Luís F. A. Teodoro

The hypothesis of lunar origin by a single giant impact can explain some aspects of the Earth-Moon system. However, it is difficult to reconcile giant impact models with the compositional similarity of the Earth and Moon without violating…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-03-07 Raluca Rufu , Oded Aharonson , Hagai B. Perets

In the leading theory of lunar formation, known as the giant impact hypothesis, a collision between two planet-size objects resulted in a young Earth surrounded by a circumplanetary debris disk from which the Moon later accreted. The range…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-07-13 Miles Timpe , Christian Reinhardt , Thomas Meier , Joachim Stadel , Ben Moore

Three principal concepts regarding lunar formation have been examined: the accretion hypothesis, the mega-impact theory, and the multi-impact model. The multi-impact model amalgamates the salient facets of the mega-impact theory and the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-10-27 Nick Gorkavyi

The Earth-Moon system is suggested to have formed through a single giant collision, in which the Moon accreted from the impact-generated debris disk. However, such giant impacts are rare, and during its evolution the Earth experienced many…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-08-01 Robert I. Citron , Hagai B. Perets , Oded Aharonson

According to the giant impact theory, the Moon formed by accreting the circum-terrestrial debris disk produced by Theia colliding with the proto-Earth. The giant impact theory can explain most of the properties of the Earth-Moon system,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-15 Wenshuai Liu

Most of the properties of the Earth-Moon system can be explained by a collision between a planetary embryo and the growing Earth late in the accretion process. Simulations show that most of the material that eventually aggregates to form…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-24 Alessandra Mastrobuono-Battisti , Hagai B. Perets , Sean N. Raymond

The giant impact hypothesis is the dominant theory of how the Earth-Moon system was formed. Models have been created that can produce a disk of debris with the proper mass and composition to create our Moon. Models have also been created…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2013-07-29 Justin C. Eiland , Travis C. Salzillo , Brett H. Hokr , Justin L. Highland , Bryant M. Wyatt

In the leading theory of lunar formation, known as the giant impact hypothesis, a collision between two planet-size objects resulted in a young Earth surrounded by a circumplanetary debris disk from which the Moon later accreted. The range…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-11-20 Thomas Meier , Christian Reinhardt , Miles Timpe , Joachim Stadel , Ben Moore

In the giant impact hypothesis for lunar origin, the Moon accreted from an equatorial circum-terrestrial disk; however the current lunar orbital inclination of 5 degrees requires a subsequent dynamical process that is still debated. In…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-02-12 Matija Ćuk , Douglas P. Hamilton , Simon J. Lock , Sarah T. Stewart

We simulate the hypothesised collision between the proto-Earth and a Mars-sized impactor that created the Moon. Amongst the resulting debris disk in some impacts, we find a self-gravitating clump of material. It is roughly the mass of the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-12-09 Sergio Ruiz-Bonilla , Vincent R. Eke , Jacob A. Kegerreis , Richard J. Massey , Luis F. A. Teodoro

During the last stages of the terrestrial planet formation, planets grow mainly through giant-impacts with large planetary embryos. The Earth's Moon was suggested to form through one of these impacts. However, since the proto-Earth has…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-07-11 Uri Malamud , Hagai B. Perets , Christoph Schafer , Christoph Burger

The current standard theory of the origin of the Moon is that the Earth was hit by a giant impactor the size of Mars causing ejection of iron poor impactor mantle debris that coalesced to form the Moon. But where did this Mars-sized…

Astrophysics · Physics 2014-10-13 Edward Belbruno , J. Richard Gott

The Moon is believed to have formed in the aftermath of a giant impact between a planetary mass body and the proto-Earth. In a typical giant impact scenario, a disk of vapor, liquid, and solid debris forms around the proto-Earth and--after…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-11-11 P. D. Mullen , C. F. Gammie

The Earth's Moon is thought to have formed from a circumterrestrial disk generated by a giant impact between the proto-Earth and an impactor approximately 4.5 billion years ago. Since the impact was energetic, the disk would have been hot…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-12-31 Miki Nakajima , David J. Stevenson

The problem of the formation of the Moon is still not explained satisfactorily. While it is a generally accepted scenario that the last giant impact on Earth between some 50 to 100 million years after the starting of the formation of the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-07-01 Rudolf Dvorak , Birgit Loibnegger , Thomas I. Maindl

Recent high-precision measurements of the isotopic composition of lunar rocks demonstrate that the bulk silicate Earth and the Moon show an unexpectedly high degree of similarity. This is inconsistent with one of the primary results of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2013-01-14 R. J. de Meijer , V. F. Anisichkin , W. van Westrenen
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