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Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS) are used in practice as an efficient parametrization of the set of ground states of quantum many body systems. The aim of this paper is to present, for a broad mathematical audience, some mathematical…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-03-19 J. Ignacio Cirac , José Garre-Rubio , David Pérez-García

We investigate the potential of tensor network based machine learning methods to scale to large image and text data sets. For that, we study how the mutual information between a subregion and its complement scales with the subsystem size…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-11 Sirui Lu , Márton Kanász-Nagy , Ivan Kukuljan , J. Ignacio Cirac

We argue and demonstrate that projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) outperform matrix product states significantly for the task of generative modeling of datasets with an intrinsic two-dimensional structure such as images. Our approach…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-17 Tom Vieijra , Laurens Vanderstraeten , Frank Verstraete

Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS) are recognized as a potent tool for exploring two-dimensional quantum many-body systems. However, a significant challenge emerges when applying conventional PEPS methodologies to systems with periodic…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2024-07-23 Shaojun Dong , Chao Wang , Hao Zhang , Meng Zhang , Lixin He

We show that general string-net condensed states have a natural representation in terms of tensor product states (TPS) . These TPS's are built from local tensors. They can describe both states with short-range entanglement (such as the…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2009-11-13 Zheng-Cheng Gu , Michael Levin , Brian Swingle , Xiao-Gang Wen

We introduce a change of perspective on tensor network states that is defined by the computational graph of the contraction of an amplitude. The resulting class of states, which we refer to as tensor network functions, inherit the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-06 Wen-Yuan Liu , Si-Jing Du , Ruojing Peng , Johnnie Gray , Garnet Kin-Lic Chan

Gauged fermionic projected entangled pair states (GFPEPS) and their Gaussian counterpart (GGFPEPS) are a novel type of lattice gauge theory Ansatz state that combine ideas from the Monte Carlo and tensor network communities. In particular,…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2025-10-08 Gertian Roose , Erez Zohar

Algorithms to simulate the ring-exchange models using the projected entangled pair states (PEPS) are developed. We generalize the imaginary time evolution (ITE) method to optimize PEPS wave functions for the models with ring-exchange…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-02 Chao Wang , Shaojun Dong , Yongjian Han , Lixin He

Tensor networks are used to efficiently approximate states of strongly-correlated quantum many-body systems. More generally, tensor network approximations may allow to reduce the costs for operating on an order-$N$ tensor from exponential…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2022-05-31 Hao Chen , Thomas Barthel

We propose a novel tensor network method to achieve accurate and efficient simulations of Abelian lattice gauge theories (LGTs) in (2+1)D for both ground state and real-time dynamics. The first key is to identify a gauge canonical form…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-08-12 Yantao Wu , Wen-Yuan Liu

The hierarchical (multi-linear) rank of an order-$d$ tensor is key in determining the cost of representing a tensor as a (tree) Tensor Network (TN). In general, it is known that, for a fixed accuracy, a tensor with random entries cannot be…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-01-12 Mazen Ali

We construct a tensor network that delivers an unnormalized quantum state whose coefficients are the solutions to a given instance of 3SAT, an NP-complete problem. The tensor network contraction that corresponds to the norm of the state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-01-12 A. Garcia-Saez , J. I. Latorre

Projected entangled pair states (PEPS) provide a natural ansatz for the ground states of gapped, local Hamiltonians in which global characteristics of a quantum state are encoded in properties of local tensors. We develop a framework to…

Classical network embeddings create a low dimensional representation of the learned relationships between features across nodes. Such embeddings are important for tasks such as link prediction and node classification. In the current paper,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Chris Connell , Yang Wang

We present an approach to identify topological order based on unbiased infinite projected entangled-pair states (iPEPS) simulations, i.e. where we do not impose a virtual symmetry on the tensors during the optimization of the tensor network…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2020-09-04 S. P. G. Crone , P. Corboz

Tensor networks (TNs) enable compact representations of large tensors through shared parameters. Their use in probabilistic modeling is particularly appealing, as probabilistic tensor networks (PTNs) allow for tractable computation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Marawan Gamal Abdel Hameed , Guillaume Rabusseau

We systematically map low-bond-dimension PEPs tensor networks to quantum circuits. By measuring and reusing qubits, we demonstrate that a simulation of an $N \times M$ square-lattice PEPs network, for arbitrary $M$, of bond dimension $2$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-04 Ian MacCormack , Alexey Galda , Adam L. Lyon

We employ matrix product states (MPS) and tensor networks to study topological properties of the space of ground states of gapped many-body systems. We focus on families of states in one spatial dimension, where each state can be…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2026-01-15 Marvin Qi , David T. Stephen , Xueda Wen , Daniel Spiegel , Markus J. Pflaum , Agnès Beaudry , Michael Hermele

We develop and benchmark a technique for simulating excitation spectra of generic two-dimensional quantum lattice systems using the framework of projected entangled-pair states (PEPS). The technique relies on a variational ansatz for…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2019-04-24 Laurens Vanderstraeten , Jutho Haegeman , Frank Verstraete

The exact contraction of a generic two-dimensional (2D) tensor network state (TNS) is known to be exponentially hard, making simulation of 2D systems difficult. The recently introduced class of isometric TNS (isoTNS) represents a subset of…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2023-06-13 Yantao Wu , Sajant Anand , Sheng-Hsuan Lin , Frank Pollmann , Michael P. Zaletel