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I demonstrate that Bell's theorem is based on circular reasoning and thus a fundamentally flawed argument. It unjustifiably assumes the additivity of expectation values for dispersion-free states of contextual hidden variable theories for…

General Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Joy Christian

We prove that as conjectured by Ac\'{\i}n et al. [Phys. Rev. A 93, 040102(R) (2016)], two bits of randomness can be certified in a device-independent way from one bit of entanglement using the maximal quantum violation of Gisin's elegant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-19 Ole Andersson , Piotr Badziąg , Irina Dumitru , Adán Cabello

We demonstrate extraction of randomness from spontaneous-emission events less than 36 ns in the past, giving output bits with excess predictability below $10^{-5}$ and strong metrological randomness assurances. This randomness generation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-18 Carlos Abellan , Waldimar Amaya , Daniel Mitrani , Valerio Pruneri , Morgan W. Mitchell

We reject unjustified criticism of our published article [2209.07992] by Gill and Lambare [arXiv:2211.02481, arXiv:2208.09930]. They completely misinterpret the content and conclusions of this article. They construct a counterfactual…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-17 Marian Kupczynski

Measurements on entangled quantum systems necessarily yield outcomes that are intrinsically unpredictable if they violate a Bell inequality. This property can be used to generate certified randomness in a device-independent way, i.e.,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-01-31 Stefano Pironio , Serge Massar

Many Bell test results violate Bell's inequality. The premise of Bell's inequality is local determinism. We propose that, it can't be proved that something's mechanism isn't deterministic; if loopholes are not the reason of violation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-07-30 Shoujiang Wang , Xiulan Wang

We report on the experimental violation of multipartite Bell inequalities by entangled states of trapped ions. First we consider resource states for measurement-based quantum computation of between 3 and 7 ions and show that all strongly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-19 B. P. Lanyon , M. Zwerger , P. Jurcevic , C. Hempel , W. Dür , H. J. Briegel , R. Blatt , C. F. Roos

As a way of saving quantum resources, recycling of Bell nonlocality has been experimentally studied, but restricted to sequential unsharp measurements. However, it has been theoretically shown recently that projective measurements are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-08 Ya Xiao , Yan-Xin Rong , Xin-Hong Han , Shuo Wang , Xuan Fan , Wei-Chen Li , Yong-Jian Gu

Bell correlations are usually formulated for an ideal spin singlet, for which the Bell--CHSH combination reaches the maximal quantum value \(B=-2\sqrt{2}\), independent of detector separation. Here we derive Bell correlations from a more…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Ju Gao , Fang Shen

Device independent protocols rely on the violation of Bell inequalities to certify properties of the resources available. The violation of the inequalities are meaningless without a few well-known assumptions. One of these is measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-28 Le Phuc Thinh , Lana Sheridan , Valerio Scarani

Different variants of a Bell inequality, such as CHSH and CH, are known to be equivalent when evaluated on nonsignaling outcome probability distributions. However, in experimental setups, the outcome probability distributions are estimated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-15 Marc-Olivier Renou , Denis Rosset , Anthony Martin , Nicolas Gisin

A common problem in Bell type experiments is the well-known detection loophole: if the detection efficiencies are not perfect and if one simply post-selects the conclusive events, one might observe a violation of a Bell inequality, even…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-04-04 Cyril Branciard

Device-independent (DI) quantum communication will require a loophole-free violation of Bell inequalities. In typical scenarios where line-of-sight between the communicating parties is not available, it is convenient to use energy-time…

Loophole-free violations of Bell inequalities imply that at least one of the assumptions behind local hidden-variable theories must fail. Here, we show that, if only one fails, then it has to fail completely, therefore excluding models that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-20 Carlos Vieira , Ravishankar Ramanathan , Adán Cabello

In contrast to the wide-spread opinion that any separable quantum state satisfies every classical probabilistic constraint, we present a simple example where a separable quantum state does not satisfy the original Bell inequality although…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Elena R. Loubenets

It is well known that the violation of Bell's inequality in the form given by Clauser, Horne, Shimony, and Holt (CHSH) in two-qubit systems requires entanglement, but not vice versa, i.e., there are entangled states which do not violate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-20 Karol Bartkiewicz , Bohdan Horst , Karel Lemr , Adam Miranowicz

We derive two classes of multi-mode Bell inequalities under local realistic assumptions, which are violated only by the entangled states negative under partial transposition in accordance with the Peres conjecture. Remarkably, the failure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-11-02 Se-Wan Ji , Jaewan Kim , Hai-Woong Lee , M. S. Zubairy , Hyunchul Nha

Quantum computational experiments exploiting Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices to demonstrate violation of a Bell inequality are proposed. They consist of running specified quantum algorithms on few-qubit computers. If such a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-02 H. W. L. Naus , H. Polinder

We present a new inequality constraining correlations obtained when performing Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm experiments. The proof does not rely on mathematical models that are imagined to have produced the data and is therefore…

Quantum correlations that violate the Bell inequality cannot be explained by any (measurement independent) local hidden variable theory. However, the violation only implies incompatibility of the underlying assumptions of reality, locality,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-30 Gen Kimura , Yugo Susuki , Kei Morisue