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The Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality test is widely used as a mean of invalidating the local deterministic theories and a tool of device independent quantum cryptographic tasks. There exists a randomness (freewill) loophole in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-18 Xiao Yuan , Zhu Cao , Xiongfeng Ma

We report correlation measurements on two $^9$Be$^+$ ions that violate a chained Bell inequality obeyed by any local-realistic theory. The correlations can be modeled as derived from a mixture of a local-realistic probabilistic distribution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-05 T. R. Tan , Y. Wan , S. Erickson , P. Bierhorst , D. Kienzler , S. Glancy , E. Knill , D. Leibfried , D. J. Wineland

One of the distinguishing features of quantum theory is that its measurement outcomes are usually unpredictable or, equivalently, random. Moreover, this randomness is certifiable with minimal assumptions in the so-called device-independent…

A recent experiment presented, for photons, the first violation of a Bell inequality closing the fair-sampling loophole, i.e., without having to assume that the sample of measured photons fairly represents the entire ensemble. In this note,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-07-25 Johannes Kofler , Sven Ramelow , Marissa Giustina , Anton Zeilinger

A generalization of the CHSH-Bell inequality to arbitrary many settings is presented. The singlet state of two spin $\half$ violates this inequality for all numbers of setting. In the limit of arbitrarily large number of settings, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 N. Gisin

Can a Bell test with no detection loophole be demonstrated for multi-photon entangled states of light within the current technology? We examine the possibility of a postselection-free CHSH-Bell inequality test wih an unsymmetrical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-02-24 M. Stobińska , F. Töppel , P. Sekatski , A. Buraczewski

The violation of Bell inequalities where both detection and locality loopholes are closed is crucial for device independent assessments of quantum information. While of technological nature, the simultaneous closing of both loopholes still…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-17 Colin Teo , Jiří Minář , Daniel Cavalcanti , Valerio Scarani

In the first half of this two-part article, we analyzed a cognitive psychology experiment where participants were asked to select pairs of directions that they considered to be the best example of 'Two Different Wind Directions', and showed…

The assumption of free will - the ability of an experimentalist to make random choices - is central to proving the indeterminism of quantum resources, the primary tool in quantum cryptography. Relaxing the assumption in a Bell test allows…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-30 James E. Pope , Alastair Kay

We examine the problem of exhibiting Bell nonlocality for a two-qudit entangled pure state using a randomly chosen set of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs). Interestingly, even if we employ only two-setting Bell inequalities, we find a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-19 Gelo Noel M. Tabia , Varun Satya Raj Bavana , Shih-Xian Yang , Yeong-Cherng Liang

It is pointed out that a loophole exists in experimental tests of Bell inequality using atomic qubits, due to possible errors in the rotation angles of the atomic states. A sufficient condition is derived for closing the loophole.

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-16 Emilio Santos

Quantum correlations resulting in violations of Bell inequalities have generated a lot of interest in quantum information science and fundamental physics. In this paper, we address some questions that become relevant in Bell-type tests…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-11 Adetunmise C. Dada , Erika Andersson

We analyze the data from the loophole-free CHSH experiment performed by Hensen et al., and show that it is actually not exempt of an important loophole. By increasing the size of the sample of event-ready detections, one can exhibit in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-18 Guillaume Adenier , Andrei Yu. Khrennikov

With the growing availability of experimental loophole-free Bell tests, it has become possible to implement a new class of device-independent random number generators whose output can be certified to be uniformly random without requiring a…

We show that it is possible to find maximal violations of the CHSH-Bell inequality using only position measurements on a pair of entangled non-relativistic free particles. The device settings required in the CHSH inequality are done by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-14 J. Kiukas , R. F. Werner

We present a loophole-free violation of local realism using entangled photon pairs. We ensure that all relevant events in our Bell test are spacelike separated by placing the parties far enough apart and by using fast random number…

In a recent article [Phys. Rev. A 111, 022204 (2025)], Genovese and Piacentini analyzed recent experiments measuring what they call "the entire Bell-CHSH parameter". They claimed those experiments may have implications for interpreting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Justo Pastor Lambare

Bell inequalities are an important tool in device-independent quantum information processing because their violation can serve as a certificate of relevant quantum properties. Probably the best known example of a Bell inequality is due to…

Bell inequalities represent a milestone for contemporary Physics, both for quantum foundations investigation and technological applications (e.g., quantum communication and entanglement certification). Although loophole-free tests have been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-06 Marco Genovese , Fabrizio Piacentini

In the present paper a robustness stress-test of the CHSH experiments for Einstein locality and causality is designed and employed. Random A and B from dice and coins, but based on a local model, run "parallel" to a real experiment. We…

General Physics · Physics 2014-07-14 J. F. Geurdes