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Altruistic cooperation is costly yet socially desirable. As a result, agents struggle to learn cooperative policies through independent reinforcement learning (RL). Indirect reciprocity, where agents consider their interaction partner's…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Martin Smit , Fernando P. Santos

Stern-judging is one of the best-known assessment rules in indirect reciprocity. Indirect reciprocity is a fundamental mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. It relies on mutual monitoring and assessments, i.e., individuals judge,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2013-09-05 Satoshi Uchida , Tatsuya Sasaki

Indirect reciprocity is one of the main mechanisms to explain the emergence and sustainment of altruism in societies. The standard approach to indirect reciprocity are reputation models. These are games in which players base their decisions…

Physics and Society · Physics 2013-05-29 Luis A. Martinez-Vaquero , José A. Cuesta

Indirect reciprocity is a foundational mechanism of human cooperation. Existing models of indirect reciprocity fail to robustly support social cooperation: image scoring models fail to provide robust incentives, while social standing models…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2019-10-10 Daniel Clark , Drew Fudenberg , Alexander Wolitzky

Humans judge each other's actions, which at least partly functions to detect and deter cheating and to enable helpfulness in an indirect reciprocity fashion. However, most forms of judging do not only concern the action itself, but also the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-04-21 Marcus Krellner , The Anh Han

We use a model of opinion formation to study the consequences of some mechanisms attempting to enforce the right behaviour in a society. We start from a model where the possible choices are not equivalent (such is the case when the agents…

Physics and Society · Physics 2012-12-18 M. F. Laguna , G. Abramson , J. R. Iglesias

People tend to have their social interactions with members of their own community. Such group-structured interactions can have a profound impact on the behaviors that evolve. Group structure affects the way people cooperate, and how they…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2022-11-09 Yohsuke Murase , Christian Hilbe , Seung Ki Baek

In this paper, we study the problem of formation keeping of a network of strictly passive systems when very coarse information is exchanged. We assume that neighboring agents only know whether their relative position is larger or smaller…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2013-08-01 Matin Jafarian , Claudio De Persis

Decades of research suggest that information exchange in groups and organizations can reliably improve judgment accuracy in tasks such as financial forecasting, market research, and medical decision-making. However, we show that improving…

General Economics · Economics 2021-04-26 Joshua Becker , Douglas Guilbeault , Ned Smith

Indirect reciprocity explains the evolution of cooperation by considering how our cooperative behavior toward someone is reciprocated by someone else who has observed us. A cohesive society has a shared norm that prescribes how to assess…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-03-03 Quang Anh Le , Seung Ki Baek

Direct reciprocity is a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation in repeated social interactions. According to this literature, individuals naturally learn to adopt conditionally cooperative strategies if they have multiple encounters…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-11-07 Nikoleta E. Glynatsi , Alex McAvoy , Christian Hilbe

Decision-making individuals are typically either an imitator, who mimics the action of the most successful individual(s), a conformist (or coordinating individual), who chooses an action if enough others have done so, or a nonconformist (or…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-02-11 Hien Le , Mohaddeseh Rajaee , Pouria Ramazi

A standard belief on emerging collective behavior is that it emerges from simple individual rules. Most of the mathematical research on such collective behavior starts from imperative individual rules, like always go to the center. But how…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2018-02-23 El Mahdi El Mhamdi , Rachid Guerraoui , Alexandre Maurer , Vladislav Tempez

There has recently been an explosion of interest in how "higher-order" structures emerge in complex systems. This "emergent" organization has been found in a variety of natural and artificial systems, although at present the field lacks a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Thomas F. Varley , Joshua Bongard

Imitation is an important learning heuristic in animal and human societies. Previous explorations report that the fate of individuals with cooperative strategies is sensitive to the protocol of imitation, leading to a conundrum about how…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-11-22 Xiaochen Wang , Lei Zhou , Alex McAvoy , Aming Li

Human cooperation depends on indirect reciprocity. In this work, we explore the concept of indirect reciprocity using a donation game in an infinitely large population. In particular, we examine how updating the reputations of recipients…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-05-10 Alina Glaubitz , Feng Fu

We propose a collective opinion formation model with a so-called confirmation bias. The confirmation bias is a psychological effect with which, in the context of opinion formation, an individual in favor of an opinion is prone to…

Physics and Society · Physics 2013-06-24 Ryosuke Nishi , Naoki Masuda

Dunbar hypothesized that $150$ is the maximal number of people with whom one can maintain stable social relationships. We explain this effect as being a consequence of a process of self-organization between $N$ units leading their social…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2019-10-11 Giovanni Francesco Massari , Garland Culbreth , Roberto Failla , Mauro Bologna , Bruce J. West , Paolo Grigolini

The cooperation mechanism of indirect reciprocity has been studied by making multiple variations of its parts. This research proposes a new variant of Nowak and Sigmund model, focused on agents' attitude; it is called Individualistic…

In modern interconnected societies, opinions and beliefs can quickly spread across large populations, giving rise to collective behaviors such as the adoption of social norms or polarization. These phenomena have motivated many models aimed…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-05-27 Cosimo Agostinelli , Marco Mancastroppa , Alain Barrat