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To run large-scale algorithms on a quantum computer, error-correcting codes must be able to perform a fundamental set of operations, called logic gates, while isolating the encoded information from…

It has been conjectured [1] that for any distillation protocol for magic states for the $T$ gate, the number of noisy input magic states required per output magic state at output error rate $\epsilon$ is $\Omega(\log(1/\epsilon))$. We show…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-07 M. B. Hastings , J. Haah

Recently we proposed a family of magic state distillation protocols that obtains asymptotic performance that is conjectured to be optimal. This family depends upon several codes, called "inner codes" and "outer codes." We presented some…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-09 Jeongwan Haah , Matthew B. Hastings , D. Poulin , D. Wecker

We present a resource analysis for generating high-fidelity logical magic states on silicon spin-qubit platforms. We consider a range of architectures, including a shuttling-based SpinBus design, a dense nearest-neighbor layout, and a…

We present quantum protocols for executing arbitrarily accurate $\pi/2^k$ rotations of a qubit about its $Z$ axis. Reduced instruction set computing (\textsc{risc}) architectures typically restrict the instruction set to stabilizer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-16 Andrew J. Landahl , Chris Cesare

Efficient encoding of classical information plays a fundamental role in numerous practical quantum algorithms. However, the preparation of an arbitrary amplitude-encoded state has been proven to be time-consuming, and its deployment on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-19 Chao Wang , Pengrui Zhou , Xi-Ning Zhuang , Ziwei Cui , Menghan Dou , Zhao-Yun Chen , Guo-Ping Guo

Developing space- and time-efficient logical magic state preparation protocols will likely be an essential step towards building a large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computer. Motivated by this need, we introduce a scalable method for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Samyak Surti , Lucas Daguerre , Isaac H. Kim

Magic state distillation (MSD) is a quantum algorithm that enables performing logical non-Clifford gates with in principle arbitrarily low noise level. It is herein typically assumed that logical Clifford gates can be executed without…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-13 Sascha Heußen

We propose a new family of error detecting stabilizer codes with an encoding rate 1/3 that permit a transversal implementation of the pi/8-rotation $T$ on all logical qubits. The new codes are used to construct protocols for distilling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-11-30 Sergey Bravyi , Jeongwan Haah

We develop classical simulation algorithms for adaptive quantum circuits that produce states with low levels of ``magic'' (i.e., non-stabilizerness). These algorithms are particularly well-suited to circuits with high rates of Pauli…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Kemal Aziz , Haining Pan , Michael J. Gullans , J. H. Pixley

Fault-tolerant implementation of non-Clifford gates is a major challenge for achieving universal fault-tolerant quantum computing with quantum error-correcting codes. Magic state distillation is the most well-studied method for this but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Seok-Hyung Lee , Felix Thomsen , Nicholas Fazio , Benjamin J. Brown , Stephen D. Bartlett

We show that using qutrits rather than qubits leads to a substantial reduction in the overhead cost associated with an approach to fault-tolerant quantum computing known as magic state distillation. We construct a family of $[[9m-k, k,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Shiroman Prakash , Tanay Saha

Preparing high-fidelity logical magic states is crucial for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Among prior attempts to reduce the substantial cost of magic state preparation, magic state cultivation (MSC), a recently proposed protocol for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-25 Zi-Han Chen , Ming-Cheng Chen , Chao-Yang Lu , Jian-Wei Pan

We present an infinite family of protocols to distill magic states for $T$-gates that has a low space overhead and uses an asymptotic number of input magic states to achieve a given target error that is conjectured to be optimal. The space…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-04 Jeongwan Haah , Matthew B. Hastings , D. Poulin , D. Wecker

Realizing universal fault-tolerant quantum computation is a key goal in quantum information science. By encoding quantum information into logical qubits utilizing quantum error correcting codes, physical errors can be detected and…

We develop a procedure for distilling magic states used in universal quantum computing that requires substantially fewer initial resources than prior schemes. Our distillation circuit is based on a family of concatenated quantum codes that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-10 Cody Jones

Practical quantum computation requires high-fidelity instruction executions on qubits. Among them, Clifford instructions are relatively easy to perform, while non-Clifford instructions require the use of magic states. This makes magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Junshi Wang , Prakash Murali

We present a theorem that shows that all useful protocols for magic state distillation output states with a fidelity that is upper-bounded by those generated by a much smaller class of protocols. This reduced class consists of the protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-02-15 Earl T. Campbell , Dan E. Browne

Magic State Distillation (MSD) has been a research focus for fault-tolerant quantum computing due to the need for non-Clifford resource in gaining quantum advantage. Although many of the MSD protocols so far are based on stabilizer codes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 Yunzhe Zheng , Dong E. Liu

We present two techniques that can greatly reduce the number of gates required to realize an energy measurement, with application to ground state preparation in quantum simulations. The first technique realizes that to prepare the ground…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-28 David Poulin , Alexei Kitaev , Damian S. Steiger , Matthew B. Hastings , Matthias Troyer