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The Unruh effect is a surprising prediction of quantum field theory that asserts accelerating observers perceive a thermal spectrum of particles with a temperature proportional to their acceleration. However, it has recently been shown that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-09-02 Laura J. Henderson , Robie A. Hennigar , Robert B. Mann , Alexander R. H. Smith , Jialin Zhang

The Unruh effect states that a uniformly linearly accelerated observer with proper acceleration $a$ experiences the Minkowski vacuum as a thermal state at temperature $T_U=a/(2\pi)$. An observer in uniform circular motion experiences a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-06-29 Cameron R. D. Bunney , Jorma Louko

When ground-state atoms are accelerated and the field with which they interact is in its normal vacuum state, the atoms detect Unruh radiation. We show that atoms falling into a black hole emit acceleration radiation which, under…

The purpose of this review is to provide a pedagogical development of the Unruh effect and the thermofield double state. In Section 2, we construct Rindler spacetime and analyze the perspective of an observer undergoing constant…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-10-15 Gustavo Valdivia-Mera

The Unruh vacuum is widely used as quantum state to describe black hole evaporation since near the horizon it reproduces the physical state of a quantum field, the so called in-vacuum, in the case the black hole is formed by gravitational…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-01-23 Roberto Balbinot , Alessandro Fabbri

We study the Unruh effect for an observer with a finite lifetime, using the thermal time hypothesis. The thermal time hypothesis maintains that: (i) time is the physical quantity determined by the flow defined by a state over an observable…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-07 P. Martinetti , C. Rovelli

The late-time behaviors of the modes in the Unruh state for various eternal two-dimensional black holes are discussed. The Unruh state is designed to be a state that mimics the late-time behaviors of quantized fields that Hawking predicted…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-12-17 Shohreh Gholizadeh Siahmazgi

We demonstrate that Schwarzschild spacetime has a conformal extension and that, beyond null infinity, there is a black hole with a timelike singularity. In conformal extended spacetime, every null infinity is a killing horizon with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-08-21 Yi-Bo Liang , Hong-Rong Li

We give an interpretation of the temperature in de Sitter universe in terms of a dynamical Unruh effect associated with the Hubble sphere. As with the quantum noise perceived by a uniformly accelerated observer in static space-times,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-09-23 R. Casadio , S. Chiodini , A. Orlandi , G. Acquaviva , R. Di Criscienzo , L. Vanzo

It was recently advanced the argument that Unruh effect emerges from the study of quantum field theory in quantum space-time. Quantum space-time is identified with the Hilbert space of a new kind of quantum fields, the accelerated fields,…

General Physics · Physics 2018-12-06 Vasileios I. Kiosses

The Unruh effect, central to quantum field theory in curved spacetime, states that uniformly accelerated observers perceive the Minkowski vacuum as a thermal ensemble of Rindler excitations. Building on this foundation and drawing analogies…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Kevin Player

We show that the Unruh effect can create net quantum entanglement between inertial and accelerated observers depending on the choice of the inertial state. This striking result banishes the extended belief that the Unruh effect can only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-05-22 M. Montero , E. Martin-Martinez

We compute the corrections to the transition amplitudes of an accelerated Unruh ``box'' that arise when the accelerated box is replaced by a ``two level ion'' immersed in a constant electric field and treated in second quantization. There…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-11-18 R. Parentani , S. Massar

Derived from semi-classical quantum field theory in curved spacetime, Unruh effect was known as a quantum effect. We find that there does exist a classical correspondence of this effect in electrodynamics. The thermal nature of the vacuum…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Shih-Yuin Lin

It is shown how the technique of restricted path integrals (RPI) or quantum corridors (QC) may be applied for the analysis of relativistic measurements. Then this technique is used to clarify the physical nature of thermal effects as seen…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Michael B. Mensky

A new thermalization scenario for heavy ion collisions is discussed. It is based on the Hawking--Unruh effect: an observer moving with an acceleration $a$ experiences the influence of a thermal bath with an effective temperature $T = a /…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-11-11 D. Kharzeev

The search for a relation among GR, QFT and TFT is the toughest challenge of theoretical physics since Hawking's discovery. The emergence of a temperature in spacetimes with an event horizon has unveiled the existence of a fertile…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-11-15 Giuseppe Gaetano Luciano

It has been thirty years since the discovery of the Unruh effect. It has played a crucial role in our understanding that the particle content of a field theory is observer dependent. This effect is important in its own right and as a way to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-12-18 Luis C. B. Crispino , Atsushi Higuchi , George E. A. Matsas

We identify the spectral properties of Hawking-Unruh radiation in the eternal black hole at ultra low energies as a probe for the chaotic level statistics of quantum black holes. Level repulsion implies that there are barely Hawking…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-03-16 Andreas Blommaert , Thomas G. Mertens , Henri Verschelde

We introduce a method to compute particle detector transition probability in spacetime regions of general curved spacetimes provided that the curvature is not above a maximum threshold. In particular we use this method to compare the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-23 Aida Ahmadzadegan , Eduardo Martin-Martinez , Robert B. Mann