English
Related papers

Related papers: Deep Reinforcement Learning from Self-Play in Impe…

200 papers

Traditional methods for computing equilibria in auctions become computationally intractable as auction complexity increases, particularly in multi-item and dynamic auctions. This paper introduces a self-play based reinforcement learning…

General Economics · Economics 2024-10-21 Pranjal Rawat

Artificial intelligence has seen several breakthroughs in recent years, with games often serving as milestones. A common feature of these games is that players have perfect information. Poker is the quintessential game of imperfect…

Designing efficient algorithms to find Nash equilibrium (NE) refinements in sequential games is of paramount importance in practice. Indeed, it is well known that the NE has several weaknesses, since it may prescribe to play sub-optimal…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-18 Martino Bernasconi , Alberto Marchesi , Francesco Trovò

Recently a strong poker-playing algorithm called DeepStack was published, which is able to find an approximate Nash equilibrium during gameplay by using heuristic values of future states predicted by deep neural networks. This paper…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-10-15 Patryk Hopner , Eneldo Loza Mencía

Poker is an imperfect information game that has served as a long-standing benchmark for decision-making under uncertainty. To maximize utility beyond the Nash equilibrium, an agent can deviate from Nash-equilibrium policies to exploit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Vlad Murgoci , Matthijs Spaan , Yaniv Oren

Fictitious play with reinforcement learning is a general and effective framework for zero-sum games. However, using the current deep neural network models, the implementation of fictitious play faces crucial challenges. Neural network model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-02 Rong-Jun Qin , Jing-Cheng Pang , Yang Yu

Nash equilibrium is a popular solution concept for solving imperfect-information games in practice. However, it has a major drawback: it does not preclude suboptimal play in branches of the game tree that are not reached in equilibrium.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-05-29 Christian Kroer , Gabriele Farina , Tuomas Sandholm

Fictitious play is an algorithm for computing Nash equilibria of matrix games. Recently, machine learning variants of fictitious play have been successfully applied to complicated real-world games. This paper presents a simple modification…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Alex Cloud , Albert Wang , Wesley Kerr

The recent mean field game (MFG) formalism facilitates otherwise intractable computation of approximate Nash equilibria in many-agent settings. In this paper, we consider discrete-time finite MFGs subject to finite-horizon objectives. We…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Kai Cui , Heinz Koeppl

We investigate Nash equilibrium learning in a competitive Markov Game (MG) environment, where multiple agents compete, and multiple Nash equilibria can exist. In particular, for an oligopolistic dynamic pricing environment, exact Nash…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Larkin Liu

Self-play reinforcement learning has demonstrated significant success in learning complex strategic and interactive behaviors in competitive multi-agent games. However, achieving such behaviors in continuous decision spaces remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Akash Karthikeyan , Yash Vardhan Pant

This paper proposes new, end-to-end deep reinforcement learning algorithms for learning two-player zero-sum Markov games. Different from prior efforts on training agents to beat a fixed set of opponents, our objective is to find the Nash…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Zihan Ding , Dijia Su , Qinghua Liu , Chi Jin

Many important real-world settings contain multiple players interacting over an unknown duration with probabilistic state transitions, and are naturally modeled as stochastic games. Prior research on algorithms for stochastic games has…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Sam Ganzfried

The Nash equilibrium is an important benchmark for behaviour in systems of strategic autonomous agents. Polymatrix games are a succinct and expressive representation of multiplayer games that model pairwise interactions between players. The…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-03-17 Argyrios Deligkas , John Fearnley , Tobenna Peter Igwe , Rahul Savani

Offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables policy improvement from fixed datasets without online interactions, making it highly suitable for real-world applications lacking efficient simulators. Despite its success in the single-agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jingxiao Chen , Weiji Xie , Weinan Zhang , Yong yu , Ying Wen

In zero-sum games, the optimal strategy is well-defined by the Nash equilibrium. However, it is overly conservative when playing against suboptimal opponents and it can not exploit their weaknesses. Limited look-ahead game solving in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-04 David Milec , Ondřej Kubíček , Viliam Lisý

We study automated intrusion response and formulate the interaction between an attacker and a defender as an optimal stopping game where attack and defense strategies evolve through reinforcement learning and self-play. The game-theoretic…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Kim Hammar , Rolf Stadler

We introduce a stochastic learning process called the dampened gradient approximation process. While learning models have almost exclusively focused on finite games, in this paper we design a learning process for games with continuous…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Sebastian Bervoets , Mario Bravo , Mathieu Faure

We study the global convergence of policy optimization for finding the Nash equilibria (NE) in zero-sum linear quadratic (LQ) games. To this end, we first investigate the landscape of LQ games, viewing it as a nonconvex-nonconcave…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Kaiqing Zhang , Zhuoran Yang , Tamer Başar

We present a simple primal-dual algorithm for computing approximate Nash-equilibria in two-person zero-sum sequential games with incomplete information and perfect recall (like Texas Hold'em Poker). Our algorithm is numerically stable,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-12-24 Elvis Dohmatob