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We generalize the classical universal approximation theorem for neural networks to the case of complex-valued neural networks. Precisely, we consider feedforward networks with a complex activation function $\sigma : \mathbb{C} \to…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-12-13 Felix Voigtlaender

Deep networks are often considered to be more expressive than shallow ones in terms of approximation. Indeed, certain functions can be approximated by deep networks provably more efficiently than by shallow ones, however, no tractable…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-08-27 Alberto Bietti , Francis Bach

Overparameterized neural networks enjoy great representation power on complex data, and more importantly yield sufficiently smooth output, which is crucial to their generalization and robustness. Most existing function approximation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-10 Hao Liu , Minshuo Chen , Siawpeng Er , Wenjing Liao , Tong Zhang , Tuo Zhao

Recent years have witnessed a hot wave of deep neural networks in various domains; however, it is not yet well understood theoretically. A theoretical characterization of deep neural networks should point out their approximation ability and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Gao Zhang , Jin-Hui Wu , Shao-Qun Zhang

Yes, they do. This paper provides the first empirical demonstration that deep convolutional models really need to be both deep and convolutional, even when trained with methods such as distillation that allow small or shallow models of high…

Inductive rule learning is arguably among the most traditional paradigms in machine learning. Although we have seen considerable progress over the years in learning rule-based theories, all state-of-the-art learners still learn descriptions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Florian Beck , Johannes Fürnkranz

The universal approximation theorem states that a neural network with one hidden layer can approximate continuous functions on compact sets with any desired precision. This theorem supports using neural networks for various applications,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Marcos Eduardo Valle , Wington L. Vital , Guilherme Vieira

This paper considers the power of deep neural networks (deep nets for short) in realizing data features. Based on refined covering number estimates, we find that, to realize some complex data features, deep nets can improve the performances…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-03 Zheng-Chu Guo , Lei Shi , Shao-Bo Lin

We study shallow and deep neural networks whose inputs range over a general topological space. The model is built from a prescribed family of continuous feature maps and reduces to multilayer feedforward networks in the Euclidean case. We…

General Topology · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Vugar Ismailov

Why depth yields a genuine computational advantage over shallow methods remains a central open question in learning theory. We study this question in a controlled high-dimensional Gaussian setting, focusing on compositional target…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-12 Hugo Tabanelli , Yatin Dandi , Luca Pesce , Florent Krzakala

It is widely believed that deep neural networks contain layer specialization, wherein neural networks extract hierarchical features representing edges and patterns in shallow layers and complete objects in deeper layers. Unlike common…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-04 Avi Schwarzschild , Arjun Gupta , Amin Ghiasi , Micah Goldblum , Tom Goldstein

Understanding the power of depth in feed-forward neural networks is an ongoing challenge in the field of deep learning theory. While current works account for the importance of depth for the expressive power of neural-networks, it remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-11 Eran Malach , Shai Shalev-Shwartz

Understanding the advantages of deep neural networks trained by gradient descent (GD) compared to shallow models remains an open theoretical challenge. In this paper, we introduce a class of target functions (single and multi-index Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-17 Yatin Dandi , Luca Pesce , Lenka Zdeborová , Florent Krzakala

Hierarchical feature learning based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) has recently shown significant potential in various computer vision tasks. While allowing high-quality discriminative feature learning, the downside of CNNs is the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-09-14 Domen Tabernik , Matej Kristan , Jeremy L. Wyatt , Aleš Leonardis

Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have attracted much attention recently, and have shown to be able to recognize thousands of object categories in natural image databases. Their architecture is somewhat similar to that of the human…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-09-13 Saeed Reza Kheradpisheh , Masoud Ghodrati , Mohammad Ganjtabesh , Timothée Masquelier

There is some theoretical evidence that deep neural networks with multiple hidden layers have a potential for more efficient representation of multidimensional mappings than shallow networks with a single hidden layer. The question is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Bernhard Bermeitinger , Tomas Hrycej , Siegfried Handschuh

This work attempts to interpret modern deep (convolutional) networks from the principles of rate reduction and (shift) invariant classification. We show that the basic iterative gradient ascent scheme for optimizing the rate reduction of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Kwan Ho Ryan Chan , Yaodong Yu , Chong You , Haozhi Qi , John Wright , Yi Ma

Deep neural network algorithms are difficult to analyze because they lack structure allowing to understand the properties of underlying transforms and invariants. Multiscale hierarchical convolutional networks are structured deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-14 Jörn-Henrik Jacobsen , Edouard Oyallon , Stéphane Mallat , Arnold W. M. Smeulders

The universal approximation theorem asserts that a single hidden layer neural network approximates continuous functions with any desired precision on compact sets. As an existential result, the universal approximation theorem supports the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Wington L. Vital , Guilherme Vieira , Marcos Eduardo Valle

We study approximation and statistical learning properties of deep ReLU networks under structural assumptions that mitigate the curse of dimensionality. We prove minimax-optimal uniform approximation rates for $s$-H\"older smooth functions…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Thomas Nagler , Sophie Langer