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This tutorial summarizes recent advances in the convex relaxation of the optimal power flow (OPF) problem, focusing on structural properties rather than algorithms. Part I presents two power flow models, formulates OPF and their relaxations…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-11-18 Steven H. Low

The optimal power flow (OPF) problem determines power generation/demand that minimize a certain objective such as generation cost or power loss. It is nonconvex. We prove that, for radial networks, after shrinking its feasible set slightly,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-11-18 Lingwen Gan , Na Li , Ufuk Topcu , Steven H. Low

Probabilistic optimal power flow (POPF) is an important analytical tool to ensure the secure and economic operation of power systems. POPF needs to solve enormous nonlinear and nonconvex optimization problems. The huge computational burden…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-06-25 Yan Yang , Juan Yu , Zhifang Yang , Mingxu Xiang , Ren Liu

Solving the nonlinear AC optimal power flow (AC OPF) problem remains a major computational bottleneck for real-time grid operations. In this paper, we propose a residual learning paradigm that uses fast DC optimal power flow (DC OPF)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Muhy Eddin Za'ter , Bri-Mathias Hodge , Kyri Baker

A simple characterization of the solvability of power flow equations is of great importance in the monitoring, control, and protection of power systems. In this paper, we introduce a sufficient condition for power flow Jacobian…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-12-16 Bai Cui , Xu Andy Sun

Many engineered systems, such as energy and transportation infrastructures, are networks governed by non-linear physical laws. A primary challenge for operators of these networks is to achieve optimal utilization while maintaining safety…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-03-08 Tillmann Weisser , Line Roald , Sidhant Misra

We consider a robust optimization problem in an electric power system under uncertain demand and availability of renewable energy resources. Solving the deterministic alternating current optimal power flow (ACOPF) problem has been…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-16 Chaithanya Bandi , Krishnamurthy Dvijotham , David Morton , Haoxiang Yang

The inherent nonlinearity of the power flow equations poses significant challenges in accurately modeling power systems, particularly when employing linearized approximations. Although power flow linearizations provide computational…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-28 Paprapee Buason , Sidhant Misra , Daniel K. Molzahn

Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is an important tool used to coordinate assets in electric power systems to ensure customer voltages are within pre-defined tolerances and to improve distribution system operations. While convex relaxations of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-11-18 Michael D. Sankur , Roel Dobbe , Emma Stewart , Duncan S. Callaway , Daniel B. Arnold

In this letter, we present an alternative mixed-integer non-liner programming formulation of the reactive optimal power flow (ROPF) problem. We utilize a mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) based approach to find global…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-12 Sezen Ece Kayacık , Burak Kocuk

AC optimal power flow (AC~OPF) is a challenging non-convex optimization problem that plays a crucial role in power system operation and control. Recently developed convex relaxation techniques provide new insights regarding the global…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-04-10 Mohammad Rasoul Narimani , Daniel K. Molzahn , Mariesa L. Crow

We study tightness properties of a Lagrangian dual (LD) bound for the nonconvex alternating current optimal power flow (ACOPF) problem. We show an LD bound that can be computed in a parallel, decentralized manner. Specifically, the proposed…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-11-10 Weiqi Zhang , Kibaek Kim , Victor M. Zavala

AC-OPF (Alternative Current Optimal Power Flow)aims at minimizing the operating costs of a power gridunder physical constraints on voltages and power injections.Its mathematical formulation results in a nonconvex polynomial…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-05-31 Adrien Le Franc , Victor Magron , Jean-Bernard Lasserre , Manuel Ruiz , Patrick Panciatici

Alternating current optimal power flow (ACOPF) problems are nonconvex and nonlinear optimization problems. Utilities and independent service operators (ISO) require ACOPF to be solved in almost real time. Interior point methods (IPMs) are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-07 Sayed Abdullah Sadat , Kibaek Kim

Stepwise controllable devices, such as switched capacitors or stepwise controllable loads and generators, transform the nonconvex AC optimal power flow (AC-OPF) problem into a nonconvex mixed-integer (MI) programming problem which is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-13 Johannes Heid , Nils Bornhorst , Eric Tönges , Philipp Härtel , Denis Mende , Martin Braun

Unit Commitment (UC) and Optimal Power Flow (OPF) are two fundamental problems in short-term electric power systems planning that are traditionally solved sequentially. The state-of-the-art mostly uses a direct current flow approximation of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-22 Deniz Tuncer , Burak Kocuk

The nonlinear programming (NLP) problem to solve distribution-level optimal power flow (D-OPF) poses convergence issues and does not scale well for unbalanced distribution systems. The existing scalable D-OPF algorithms either use…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-02 Rahul Ranjan Jha , Anamika Dubey

This paper is concerned with optimal power flow (OPF), which is the problem of optimizing the transmission of electricity in power systems. Our main contributions are as follows: (i) we propose a novel parabolic relaxation, which transforms…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-09-27 Fariba Zohrizadeh , Mohsen Kheirandishfard , Edward Quarm , Ramtin Madani

The security-constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) is fundamental in power systems and connects the automatic primary response (APR) of synchronized generators with the short-term schedule. Every day, the SCOPF problem is repeatedly solved…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-07-15 Alexandre Velloso , Pascal Van Hentenryck

The solution to an optimal power flow (OPF) problem provides a minimum cost operating point for an electric power system. The performance of OPF solution techniques strongly depends on the problem's feasible space. This paper presents an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-08-03 Daniel K. Molzahn