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Related papers: Completeness and the ZX-calculus

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ZX-calculus is a graphical language for quantum computing which is complete in the sense that calculation in matrices can be done in a purely diagrammatic way. However, all previous universally complete axiomatisations of ZX-calculus have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-07 Quanlong Wang

In 2008 Coecke and Duncan proposed the graphical ZX-calculus rewrite system which came to formalize reasoning with quantum circuits, measurements and quantum states. The ZX-calculus is sound for qubit quantum mechanics. Hence, equality of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-18 J Biamonte , A Nasrallah

ZX-calculus is graphical language for quantum computing which usually focuses on qubits. In this paper, we generalise qubit ZX-calculus to qudit ZX-calculus in any finite dimension by introducing suitable generators, especially a carefully…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-20 Quanlong Wang

There are various gate sets used for describing quantum computation. A particularly popular one consists of Clifford gates and arbitrary single-qubit phase gates. Computations in this gate set can be elegantly described by the ZX-calculus,…

Graphical languages, like quantum circuits or ZX-calculus, have been successfully designed to represent (memoryless) quantum computations acting on a finite number of qubits. Meanwhile, delayed traces have been used as a graphical way to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-29 Titouan Carette , Marc de Visme , Simon Perdrix

Recently, we gave a complete axiomatisation of the ZX-calculus for the overall pure qubit quantum mechanics. Based on this result, here we also obtain a complete axiomatisation of the ZX-calculus for the Clifford+T quantum mechanics by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-30 Kang Feng Ng , Quanlong Wang

In this paper, we show that a qutrit version of ZX-calculus, with rules significantly different from that of the qubit version, is complete for pure qutrit stabilizer quantum mechanics, where state preparations and measurements are based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-05 Quanlong Wang

Graphical languages are a convenient shorthand to represent computation, with rewrite rules relating one graph to another. In contrast, proof assistants rely heavily on inductive datatypes, particularly when giving semantics to embedded…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Adrian Lehmann , Ben Caldwell , Bhakti Shah , William Spencer , Robert Rand

There exist several graphical languages for quantum information processing, like quantum circuits, ZX-Calculus, ZW-Calculus, etc. Each of these languages forms a dagger-symmetric monoidal category (dagger-SMC) and comes with an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-20 Titouan Carette , Emmanuel Jeandel , Simon Perdrix , Renaud Vilmart

We consider a ZX-calculus augmented with triangle nodes which is well-suited to reason on the so-called Toffoli-Hadamard fragment of quantum mechanics. We precisely show the form of the matrices it represents, and we provide an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-30 Renaud Vilmart

Quantum Error-Correcting Codes (QECCs) play a crucial role in enhancing the robustness of quantum computing and communication systems against errors. Within the realm of QECCs, stabilizer codes, and specifically graph codes, stand out for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-29 Zipeng Wu , Song Cheng , Bei Zeng

The ZW-calculus is a graphical language capable of representing 2-dimensional quantum systems (qubit) through its diagrams, and manipulating them through its equational theory. We extend the formalism to accommodate finite dimensional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-06 Marc de Visme , Renaud Vilmart

We introduce here a new axiomatisation of the rational fragment of the ZX-calculus, a diagrammatic language for quantum mechanics. Compared to the previous axiomatisation introduced in [8], our axiomatisation does not use any metarule , but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-15 Emmanuel Jeandel

We present a completely new approach to quantum circuit optimisation, based on the ZX-calculus. We first interpret quantum circuits as ZX-diagrams, which provide a flexible, lower-level language for describing quantum computations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-01 Ross Duncan , Aleks Kissinger , Simon Perdrix , John van de Wetering

The ZX-calculus is a graphical language for suitably represented tensor networks, called ZX-diagrams. Calculations are performed by transforming ZX-diagrams with rewrite rules. The ZX-calculus has found applications in reasoning about…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Alex Townsend-Teague , Konstantinos Meichanetzidis

Graphical calculi are vital tools for representing and reasoning about quantum circuits and processes. Some are not only graphically intuitive but also logically complete. The best known of these is the ZX-calculus, which is an industry…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-24 Hector Miller-Bakewell

The ZX-calculus was introduced as a graphical language able to represent specific quantum primitives in an intuitive way. The recent completeness results have shown the theoretical possibility of a purely graphical description of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-14 Titouan Carette , Yohann D'Anello , Simon Perdrix

Recent developments in the ZX-Calculus have resulted in complete axiomatisations first for an approximately universal restriction of the language, and then for the whole language. The main drawbacks were that the axioms that were added to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-24 Renaud Vilmart

Universal and complete graphical languages have been successfully designed for pure state quantum mechanics, corresponding to linear maps between Hilbert spaces, and mixed states quantum mechanics, corresponding to completely positive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-05 Titouan Carette , Timothée Hoffreumon , Émile Larroque , Renaud Vilmart

Loop quantum gravity (LQG) attempts to unify general relativity with quantum physics to offer a complete description of the universe by quantising spacetime geometry, but the numerical calculations we encounter are extraordinarily…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-21 Ben Priestley