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We introduce a formal statistical definition for the problem of backdoor detection in machine learning systems and use it to analyze the feasibility of such problems, providing evidence for the utility and applicability of our definition.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Georg Pichler , Marco Romanelli , Divya Prakash Manivannan , Prashanth Krishnamurthy , Farshad Khorrami , Siddharth Garg

Deep learning (DL) offers potential improvements throughout the CAD tool-flow, one promising application being lithographic hotspot detection. However, DL techniques have been shown to be especially vulnerable to inference and training time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Kang Liu , Benjamin Tan , Gaurav Rajavendra Reddy , Siddharth Garg , Yiorgos Makris , Ramesh Karri

Backdoor attacks change a small portion of training data by introducing hand-crafted triggers and rewiring the corresponding labels towards a desired target class. Training on such data injects a backdoor which causes malicious inference in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Ivan Sabolić , Ivan Grubišić , Siniša Šegvić

Deep learning models are vulnerable to various adversarial manipulations of their training data, parameters, and input sample. In particular, an adversary can modify the training data and model parameters to embed backdoors into the model,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Te Juin Lester Tan , Reza Shokri

Large reasoning models (LRMs) have emerged as a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, representing a specialized class of large language models (LLMs) designed to tackle complex reasoning tasks. The defining characteristic of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Biao Yi , Zekun Fei , Jianing Geng , Tong Li , Lihai Nie , Zheli Liu , Yiming Li

Backdoor learning is an emerging and vital topic for studying deep neural networks' vulnerability (DNNs). Many pioneering backdoor attack and defense methods are being proposed, successively or concurrently, in the status of a rapid arms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Baoyuan Wu , Hongrui Chen , Mingda Zhang , Zihao Zhu , Shaokui Wei , Danni Yuan , Chao Shen

Explainable machine learning holds great potential for analyzing and understanding learning-based systems. These methods can, however, be manipulated to present unfaithful explanations, giving rise to powerful and stealthy adversaries. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Maximilian Noppel , Lukas Peter , Christian Wressnegger

Federated learning (FL) represents a novel paradigm to machine learning, addressing critical issues related to data privacy and security, yet suffering from data insufficiency and imbalance. The emergence of foundation models (FMs) provides…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Xi Li , Songhe Wang , Chen Wu , Hao Zhou , Jiaqi Wang

In many real-life settings, agents must navigate dynamic environments while reasoning under incomplete information and acting on a corpus of unstable, context-dependent, and often conflicting norms. We introduce a general, non-modal,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Mario Piazza , Andrea Sabatini

Regular tree grammars and regular path expressions constitute core constructs widely used in programming languages and type systems. Nevertheless, there has been little research so far on frameworks for reasoning about path expressions…

Databases · Computer Science 2010-08-31 Everardo Barcenas , Pierre Geneves , Nabil Layaida , Alan Schmitt

Backdoor attacks on deep learning represent a recent threat that has gained significant attention in the research community. Backdoor defenses are mainly based on backdoor inversion, which has been shown to be generic, model-agnostic, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Xiaoyun Xu , Zhuoran Liu , Stefanos Koffas , Shujian Yu , Stjepan Picek

Recently, a series of pioneer studies have shown the potency of pre-trained models in sequential recommendation, illuminating the path of building an omniscient unified pre-trained recommendation model for different downstream…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Yiqing Wu , Ruobing Xie , Zhao Zhang , Yongchun Zhu , FuZhen Zhuang , Jie Zhou , Yongjun Xu , Qing He

Dense retrieval systems have been widely used in various NLP applications. However, their vulnerabilities to potential attacks have been underexplored. This paper investigates a novel attack scenario where the attackers aim to mislead the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Quanyu Long , Yue Deng , LeiLei Gan , Wenya Wang , Sinno Jialin Pan

Federated Learning (FL) is a popular distributed machine learning paradigm that enables jointly training a global model without sharing clients' data. However, its repetitive server-client communication gives room for backdoor attacks with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Pei Fang , Jinghui Chen

As Large Language Models (LLMs) gain traction across critical domains, ensuring secure and trustworthy training processes has become a major concern. Backdoor attacks, where malicious actors inject hidden triggers into training data, are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Issam Seddik , Sami Souihi , Mohamed Tamaazousti , Sara Tucci Piergiovanni

Recent research highlights concerns about the trustworthiness of third-party Pre-Trained Language Models (PTLMs) due to potential backdoor attacks. These backdoored PTLMs, however, are effective only for specific pre-defined downstream…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Rui Zhang , Yun Shen , Hongwei Li , Wenbo Jiang , Hanxiao Chen , Yuan Zhang , Guowen Xu , Yang Zhang

Backdoor attacks pose a serious threat to deep reinforcement learning (DRL). Current defenses typically rely on reward anomalies to reverse-engineer triggers and model finetuning to remove backdoors. However, complex trigger patterns…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yinbo Yu , Xueyu Yin , Jiadai Wang , Chunwei Tian , Sai Xu , Qi Zhu , Daoqiang Zhang

This work provides the community with a timely comprehensive review of backdoor attacks and countermeasures on deep learning. According to the attacker's capability and affected stage of the machine learning pipeline, the attack surfaces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Yansong Gao , Bao Gia Doan , Zhi Zhang , Siqi Ma , Jiliang Zhang , Anmin Fu , Surya Nepal , Hyoungshick Kim

Backdoor attacks poison the training data, causing the model to behave normally on clean inputs but predict attacker-chosen labels when trigger patterns are embedded into the input samples. Defending against such attacks is highly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Wei Guo , Maura Pintor , Ambra Demontis , Battista Biggio

At present, backdoor attacks attract attention as they do great harm to deep learning models. The adversary poisons the training data making the model being injected with a backdoor after being trained unconsciously by victims using the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Shengfang Zhai , Qingni Shen , Xiaoyi Chen , Weilong Wang , Cong Li , Yuejian Fang , Zhonghai Wu