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The increasing size and complexity of machine learning (ML) models have driven the growing need for custom hardware accelerators capable of efficiently supporting ML workloads. However, the design of such accelerators remains a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Raymond Baartmans , Andrew Ensinger , Victor Agostinelli , Lizhong Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in natural language processing tasks, yet their application in hardware security verification remains limited due to scarcity of publicly available hardware description…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Touseef Hasan , Blessing Airehenbuwa , Nitin Pundir , Souvika Sarkar , Ujjwal Guin

Automatic test generation plays a critical role in software quality assurance. While the recent advances in Search-Based Software Testing (SBST) and Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in generating useful tests, these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Chen Yang , Junjie Chen , Bin Lin , Ziqi Wang , Jianyi Zhou

The generation of Register-Transfer Level (RTL) code is a crucial yet labor-intensive step in digital hardware design, traditionally requiring engineers to manually translate complex specifications into thousands of lines of synthesizable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Hanqi Lyu , Di Huang , Yaoyu Zhu , Kangcheng Liu , Bohan Dou , Chongxiao Li , Pengwei Jin , Shuyao Cheng , Rui Zhang , Zidong Du , Qi Guo , Xing Hu , Yunji Chen

Modern Large Language Model (LLM)-based programming agents often rely on test execution feedback to refine their generated code. These tests are synthetically generated by LLMs. However, LLMs may produce invalid or hallucinated test cases,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Hamed Taherkhani , Jiho Shin , Muhammad Ammar Tahir , Md Rakib Hossain Misu , Vineet Sunil Gattani , Hadi Hemmati

In modern VLSI design flow, the register-transfer level (RTL) stage is a critical point, where designers define precise design behavior with hardware description languages (HDLs) like Verilog. Since the RTL design is in the format of HDL…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Wenji Fang , Yao Lu , Shang Liu , Qijun Zhang , Ceyu Xu , Lisa Wu Wills , Hongce Zhang , Zhiyao Xie

Code coverage is a valuable guide for testing, but in AAA games the overhead of instrumentation conflicts with strict performance requirements and can destabilize automated tests. We propose and assess a selective instrumentation approach…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Ian Gauk , Doriane Olewicki , Joshua Romoff , Cor-Paul Bezemer

A well-known testing method for the safety evaluation and real-time validation of automotive software systems (ASSs) is Fault Injection (FI). In accordance with the ISO 26262 standard, the faults are introduced artificially for the purpose…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Mohammad Abboush , Ahmad Hatahet , Andreas Rausch

Recent advances in large language models have improved code generation, but their use in hardware description languages is still limited. Moreover, training data and testbenches for these models are often scarce. This paper presents a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Mu-Chi Chen , Po-Hsuan Huang , Yu-Hung Kao , Yen-Fu Liu , Yu-Kai Hung , Cheng Liang , Shao-Chun Ho , Chia-Heng Tu , Shih-Hao Hung

Unit testing is crucial in software engineering for ensuring quality. However, it's not widely used in parallel and high-performance computing software, particularly scientific applications, due to their smaller, diverse user base and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Rabimba Karanjai , Aftab Hussain , Md Rafiqul Islam Rabin , Lei Xu , Weidong Shi , Mohammad Amin Alipour

Register-Transfer Level (RTL) coding is an iterative, repository-scale process in which Power, Performance, and Area (PPA) emerge from interactions across many files and the downstream toolchain. While large language models (LLMs) have…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Zhengyuan Shi , Jingxin Wang , Tairan Cheng , Changran Xu , Weikang Qian , Qiang Xu

Progress in hardware model checking depends critically on high-quality benchmarks. However, the community faces a significant benchmark gap: existing suites are limited in number, often distributed only in representations such as BTOR2…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Guangyu Hu , Xiaofeng Zhou , Wei Zhang , Hongce Zhang

Inspired by the recent success of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, researchers start to explore the adoption of LLMs for agile hardware design, such as generating design RTL based on natural-language instructions. However, in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Yao Lu , Shang Liu , Qijun Zhang , Zhiyao Xie

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly popular for generating RTL code. However, producing error-free RTL code in a zero-shot setting remains highly challenging for even state-of-the-art LLMs, often leading to issues that…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Mubashir ul Islam , Humza Sami , Pierre-Emmanuel Gaillardon , Valerio Tenace

Testing is an essential part of software development. Test generation tools attempt to automate the otherwise labor-intensive task of test creation, but generating high-coverage tests remains challenging. This paper proposes CoverUp, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Juan Altmayer Pizzorno , Emery D. Berger

Manual optimization of Register Transfer Level (RTL) datapath is commonplace in industry but holds back development as it can be very time consuming. We utilize the fact that a complex transformation of one RTL into another equivalent RTL…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Samuel Coward , George A. Constantinides , Theo Drane

Search-based test generators are effective at producing unit tests with high coverage. However, such automatically generated tests have no meaningful test and variable names, making them hard to understand and interpret by developers. On…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Matteo Biagiola , Gianluca Ghislotti , Paolo Tonella

System-Level Test (SLT) has been a part of the test flow for integrated circuits for over a decade and still gains importance. However, no systematic approaches exist for test program generation, especially targeting non-functional…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Denis Schwachhofer , Peter Domanski , Steffen Becker , Stefan Wagner , Matthias Sauer , Dirk Pflüger , Ilia Polian

The advanced complex electronic systems increasingly demand safer and more secure hardware parts. Correspondingly, fault injection became a major verification milestone for both safety- and security-critical applications. However, fault…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Ahmet Cagri Bagbaba , Maksim Jenihhin , Raimund Ubar , Christian Sauer

Code generation models can help improve many common software tasks ranging from code completion to defect prediction. Most of the existing benchmarks for code generation LLMs focus on code authoring or code completion. Surprisingly, there…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Kush Jain , Gabriel Synnaeve , Baptiste Rozière