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Adaptive optimizers are pivotal in guiding the weight updates of deep neural networks, yet they often face challenges such as poor generalization and oscillation issues. To counter these, we introduce sigSignGrad and tanhSignGrad, two novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Hongye Zheng , Bingxing Wang , Minheng Xiao , Honglin Qin , Zhizhong Wu , Lianghao Tan

The choice of activation function plays a critical role in neural networks, yet most architectures still rely on fixed, uniform activation functions across all neurons. We introduce SmartMixed, a two-phase training strategy that allows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Amin Omidvar

We theoretically discuss why deep neural networks (DNNs) performs better than other models in some cases by investigating statistical properties of DNNs for non-smooth functions. While DNNs have empirically shown higher performance than…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-07-10 Masaaki Imaizumi , Kenji Fukumizu

The demand for efficient processing of deep neural networks (DNNs) on embedded devices is a significant challenge limiting their deployment. Exploiting sparsity in the network's feature maps is one of the ways to reduce its inference…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Matteo Grimaldi , Darshan C. Ganji , Ivan Lazarevich , Sudhakar Sah

The Rectified Power Unit (RePU) activation function, a differentiable generalization of the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU), has shown promise in constructing neural networks due to its smoothness properties. However, deep RePU networks often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Taeyoung Kim , Myungjoo Kang

We study the complexity of the problem of training neural networks defined via various activation functions. The training problem is known to be existsR-complete with respect to linear activation functions and the ReLU activation function.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Teemu Hankala , Miika Hannula , Juha Kontinen , Jonni Virtema

Recent studies have shown that the choice of activation function can significantly affect the performance of deep learning networks. However, the benefits of novel activation functions have been inconsistent and task dependent, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Garrett Bingham , Risto Miikkulainen

Activation functions play a central role in neural networks by shaping internal representations. Recently, learning binary activation representations has attracted significant attention due to their advantages in computational and memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Seokhun Park , Choeun Kim , Kwanho Lee , Sehyun Park , Insung Kong , Yongdai Kim

Activation functions influence behavior and performance of DNNs. Nonlinear activation functions, like Rectified Linear Units (ReLU), Exponential Linear Units (ELU) and Scaled Exponential Linear Units (SELU), outperform the linear…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Alberto Marchisio , Muhammad Abdullah Hanif , Semeen Rehman , Maurizio Martina , Muhammad Shafique

Although deep learning (DL) has led to several breakthroughs in many disciplines, the fundamental understanding on why and how DL is empirically successful remains elusive. To attack this fundamental problem and unravel the mysteries behind…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Tilahun M. Getu , Georges Kaddoum , M. Bennis

Nonlinear activation functions are pivotal to the success of deep neural nets, and choosing the appropriate activation function can significantly affect their performance. Most networks use fixed activation functions (e.g., ReLU, GELU,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Irit Chelly , Shahaf E. Finder , Shira Ifergane , Oren Freifeld

In this paper we investigate the performance of different types of rectified activation functions in convolutional neural network: standard rectified linear unit (ReLU), leaky rectified linear unit (Leaky ReLU), parametric rectified linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-30 Bing Xu , Naiyan Wang , Tianqi Chen , Mu Li

Efficient hardware implementation of nonlinear activation functions is a crucial task in deploying artificial neural networks on resource-constrained and edge devices such as Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The sigmoid activation…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Chintan Panchal , Ankur Changela , Mohendra Roy

Neural networks activated by the rectified linear unit (ReLU) play a central role in the recent development of deep learning. The topic of approximating functions from H\"older spaces by these networks is crucial for understanding the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Tong Mao , Ding-Xuan Zhou

The simulation of human neurons and neurotransmission mechanisms has been realized in deep neural networks based on the theoretical implementations of activation functions. However, recent studies have reported that the threshold potential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Kyungsu Lee , Jaeseung Yang , Haeyun Lee , Jae Youn Hwang

Deep neural networks (DNNs) generate much richer function spaces than shallow networks. Since the function spaces induced by shallow networks have several approximation theoretic drawbacks, this explains, however, not necessarily the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-09-25 Konstantin Eckle , Johannes Schmidt-Hieber

Multi-task learning (MTL) is a common paradigm that seeks to improve the generalization performance of task learning by training related tasks simultaneously. However, it is still a challenging problem to search the flexible and accurate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-20 Yingru Liu , Xuewen Yang , Dongliang Xie , Xin Wang , Li Shen , Haozhi Huang , Niranjan Balasubramanian

In this paper, we focus on fully connected deep neural networks utilizing the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation function for nonparametric estimation. We derive non-asymptotic bounds that lead to convergence rates, addressing both…

In this paper, we construct neural networks with ReLU, sine and $2^x$ as activation functions. For general continuous $f$ defined on $[0,1]^d$ with continuity modulus $\omega_f(\cdot)$, we construct ReLU-sine-$2^x$ networks that enjoy an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Yuling Jiao , Yanming Lai , Xiliang Lu , Fengru Wang , Jerry Zhijian Yang , Yuanyuan Yang

Nonlinear activation functions are widely recognized for enhancing the expressivity of neural networks, which is the primary reason for their widespread implementation. In this work, we focus on ReLU activation and reveal a novel and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Chaoyue Liu , Han Bi , Like Hui , Xiao Liu