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Vector addition systems with states (VASS) are a classic model in concurrency theory. Grammar vector addition systems (GVAS), equivalently, pushdown VASS, extend VASS by using a context-free grammar to control addition. In this paper, our…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Chengfeng Xue , Yuxi Fu

The recent years have seen remarkable progress in establishing the complexity of the reachability problem for vector addition systems with states (VASS), equivalently known as Petri nets. Existing work primarily considers the case in which…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Andrei Draghici , Christoph Haase , Andrew Ryzhikov

The reachability problem for vector addition systems is a central problem of net theory. This problem is known to be decidable but the complexity is still unknown. Whereas the problem is EXPSPACE-hard, no elementary upper bounds complexity…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-08-11 Jérôme Leroux

The reachability problem for vector addition systems with states (VASS) has been shown to be \textsc{Ackermann}-complete. For every $k\geq 3$, a completeness result for the $k$-dimensional VASS reachability problem is not yet available. It…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Qizhe Yang , Yuxi Fu

We study the geometry of reachability sets of continuous vector addition systems with states (VASS). In particular we establish that they are almost Minkowski sums of convex cones and zonotopes generated by the vectors labelling the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Shaull Almagor , Arka Ghosh , Tim Leys , Guillermo A. Perez

Reachability problems in infinite-state systems are often subject to extremely high complexity. This motivates the investigation of efficient overapproximations, where we add transitions to obtain a system in which reachability can be…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Moses Ganardi , Rupak Majumdar , Georg Zetzsche

An $\mathsf{F}_{d}$ upper bound for the reachability problem in vector addition systems with states (VASS) in fixed dimension is given, where $\mathsf{F}_d$ is the $d$-th level of the Grzegorczyk hierarchy of complexity classes. The new…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Yuxi Fu , Qizhe Yang , Yangluo Zheng

Reachability is the problem of deciding whether there is a path from one vertex to the other in the graph. Standard graph traversal algorithms such as DFS and BFS take linear time to decide reachability however their space complexity is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-02-06 Rahul Jain , Raghunath Tewari

Vector Addition Systems (VAS), aka Petri nets, are a popular model of concurrency. The reachability set of a VAS is the set of configurations reachable from the initial configuration. Leroux has studied the geometric properties of VAS…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Roland Guttenberg , Mikhail Raskin , Javier Esparza

We study the complexity of the reachability problem for Vector Addition Systems with States (VASSes) in fixed dimensions. We provide four lower bounds improving the currently known state-of-the-art: 1) \np-hardness for unary flat $4$-VASSes…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Wojciech Czerwiński , Łukasz Orlikowski

In this paper, the reachability of dimension-bounded linear systems is investigated.Since state dimensions of dimension-bounded linear systems vary with time, the expression of state dimension at each time is provided.A method for judging…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-21 Yiliang Li , Haitao Li , Jun-e Feng , Jinjin Li

Blondin et al. showed at LICS 2015 that two-dimensional vector addition systems with states have reachability witnesses of length exponential in the number of states and polynomial in the norm of vectors. The resulting guess-and-verify…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-05-09 Matthias Englert , Ranko Lazić , Patrick Totzke

Vector addition systems with states (VASS), also known as Petri nets, are a popular model of concurrent systems. Many problems from many areas reduce to the reachability problem for VASS, which consists of deciding whether a target…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Roland Guttenberg , Wojciech Czerwiński , Sławomir Lasota

The reachability problem for Vector Addition Systems (VASs) is a central problem of net theory. The general problem is known to be decidable by algorithms exclusively based on the classical Kosaraju-Lambert-Mayr-Sacerdote-Tenney…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 leroux jerome

Vector addition system with states (VASS) is a popular model for the verification of concurrent systems. VASS consists of finitely many control states and a set of counters which can be incremented and decremented, but not tested for zero.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-05-21 A. R. Balasubramanian

Despite recent progress which settled the complexity of the reachability problem for Vector Addition Systems with States (VASSes) as being Ackermann-complete we still lack much understanding for that problem. A striking example is the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Wojciech Czerwiński , Adam Jędrych

We consider a variant of VASS extended with integer counters, denoted VASS+Z. These are automata equipped with N and Z counters; the N-counters are required to remain nonnegative and the Z-counters do not have this restriction. We study the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Clotilde Bizière , Wojciech Czerwiński , Roland Guttenberg , Jérôme Leroux , Vincent Michielini , Łukasz Orlikowski , Antoni Puch , Henry Sinclair-Banks

Vector addition systems with states (VASS) are a popular model for concurrent systems. However, many decision problems have prohibitively high complexity. Therefore, it is sometimes useful to consider overapproximating semantics in which…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Pascal Baumann , Khushraj Madnani , Filip Mazowiecki , Georg Zetzsche

This paper studies reachability, coverability and inclusion problems for Integer Vector Addition Systems with States (ZVASS) and extensions and restrictions thereof. A ZVASS comprises a finite-state controller with a finite number of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-10-01 Christoph Haase , Simon Halfon

Seminal results establish that the coverability problem for Vector Addition Systems with States (VASS) is in EXPSPACE (Rackoff, '78) and is EXPSPACE-hard already under unary encodings (Lipton, '76). More precisely, Rosier and Yen later…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Marvin Künnemann , Filip Mazowiecki , Lia Schütze , Henry Sinclair-Banks , Karol Węgrzycki