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We present SoundStream, a novel neural audio codec that can efficiently compress speech, music and general audio at bitrates normally targeted by speech-tailored codecs. SoundStream relies on a model architecture composed by a fully…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Neil Zeghidour , Alejandro Luebs , Ahmed Omran , Jan Skoglund , Marco Tagliasacchi

Neural speech synthesis algorithms are a promising new approach for coding speech at very low bitrate. They have so far demonstrated quality that far exceeds traditional vocoders, at the cost of very high complexity. In this work, we…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-07-01 Jean-Marc Valin , Jan Skoglund

Neural audio codecs are at the core of modern conversational speech technologies, converting continuous speech into sequences of discrete tokens that can be processed by LLMs. However, existing codecs typically operate at fixed frame rates,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Luca Della Libera , Cem Subakan , Mirco Ravanelli

The recent advancement of end-to-end neural audio codecs enables compressing audio at very low bitrates while reconstructing the output audio with high fidelity. Nonetheless, such improvements often come at the cost of increased model…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-25 Sunghwan Ahn , Beom Jun Woo , Min Hyun Han , Chanyeong Moon , Nam Soo Kim

Previous speech enhancement methods focus on estimating the short-time spectrum of speech signals due to its short-term stability. However, these methods often only estimate the clean magnitude spectrum and reuse the noisy phase when…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Chuang Geng , Lei Wang

Low decoding latency and complexity are two important requirements of channel codes used in many applications, like machine-to-machine communications. In this paper, we show how these requirements can be fulfilled by using some special…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-14 Massimo Battaglioni , Alireza Tasdighi , Marco Baldi , Mohammad H. Tadayon , Franco Chiaraluce

This paper reviews the potential channel decoding techniques for ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). URLLC is renowned for its stringent requirements including ultra-reliability, low end-to-end transmission latency, and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-12-26 Chentao Yue , Vera Miloslavskaya , Mahyar Shirvanimoghaddam , Branka Vucetic , Yonghui Li

Recent video codecs with multiple separable transforms can achieve significant coding gains using asymmetric trigonometric transforms (DCTs and DSTs), because they can exploit diverse statistics of residual block signals. However, they add…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-30 Amir Said , Hilmi E. Egilmez , Yung-Hsuan Chao

The proliferation of high resolution videos posts great storage and bandwidth pressure on cloud video services, driving the development of next-generation video codecs. Despite great progress made in neural video coding, existing approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Yueyu Hu , Chenhao Zhang , Onur G. Guleryuz , Debargha Mukherjee , Yao Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced audio generation through discrete representation learning. However, most existing neural codecs focus on speech and emphasize reconstruction fidelity, overlooking unified low frame rate modeling…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Jingbin Hu , Haoyu Zhang , Dake Guo , Qirui Zhan , Wenhao Li , Huakang Chen , Guobin Ma , Hanke Xie , Chengyou Wang , Pengyuan Xie , Chuan Xie , Qiang Zhang , Lei Xie

Neural audio codecs form the foundational building blocks for language model (LM)-based speech generation. Typically, there is a trade-off between frame rate and audio quality. This study introduces a low-frame-rate, semantically enhanced…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Jiaqi Li , Xiaolong Lin , Zhekai Li , Shixi Huang , Yuancheng Wang , Chaoren Wang , Zhenpeng Zhan , Zhizheng Wu

Deep generative models, and particularly facial animation schemes, can be used in video conferencing applications to efficiently compress a video through a sparse set of keypoints, without the need to transmit dense motion vectors. While…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Goluck Konuko , Stéphane Lathuilière , Giuseppe Valenzise

Neural audio codecs have recently enabled high-fidelity reconstruction at high compression rates, especially for speech. However, speech and non-speech audio exhibit fundamentally different spectral characteristics: speech energy…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Haoran Wang , Jiatong Shi , Jinchuan Tian , Bohan Li , Kai Yu , Shinji Watanabe

We present BigCodec, a low-bitrate neural speech codec. While recent neural speech codecs have shown impressive progress, their performance significantly deteriorates at low bitrates (around 1 kbps). Although a low bitrate inherently…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-10 Detai Xin , Xu Tan , Shinnosuke Takamichi , Hiroshi Saruwatari

Neural audio/speech coding has recently demonstrated its capability to deliver high quality at much lower bitrates than traditional methods. However, existing neural audio/speech codecs employ either acoustic features or learned blind…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Xue Jiang , Xiulian Peng , Huaying Xue , Yuan Zhang , Yan Lu

Video processing systems such as HEVC requiring low energy consumption needed for the multimedia market has lead to extensive development in fast algorithms for the efficient approximation of 2-D DCT transforms. The DCT is employed in a…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2015-01-14 U. S. Potluri , A. Madanayake , R. J. Cintra , F. M. Bayer , S. Kulasekera , A. Edirisuriya

In this paper, we introduce low-complexity multidimensional discrete cosine transform (DCT) approximations. Three dimensional DCT (3D DCT) approximations are formalized in terms of high-order tensor theory. The formulation is extended to…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-21 V. A. Coutinho , R. J. Cintra , F. M. Bayer

Polar codes are capacity-achieving error-correcting codes with an explicit construction that can be decoded with low-complexity algorithms. In this work, we show how the state-of-the-art low-complexity decoding algorithm can be improved to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-08-29 Pascal Giard , Alexios Balatsoukas-Stimming , Gabi Sarkis , Claude Thibeault , Warren J. Gross

This article is about an image transform called 3D-DCT, or three-dimensional discrete cosine transform. This is an extension of the well-known 1D and 2D-DCT, which is extensively used, mostly in multimedia coding. A modification of 1D-DCT…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-04 Fernando Martin-Rodriguez , Fernando Isasi-de-Vicente , Mónica Fernandez-Barciela

Discrete cosine transform (DCT) and other Fourier-related transforms have broad applications in scientific computing. However, off-the-shelf high-performance multi-dimensional DCT (MD DCT) libraries are not readily available in parallel…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Zixuan Jiang , Jiaqi Gu , David Z. Pan