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In this article we determine several theorems and methods for solving linear congruences and systems of linear congruences, and we find the number of distinct solutions. Many examples of solving congruences are given.

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Florentin Smarandache

In many naturally occurring optimization problems one needs to ensure that the definition of the optimization problem lends itself to solutions that are tractable to compute. In cases where exact solutions cannot be computed tractably, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-05-08 Bharath Sankaran , Marjan Ghazvininejad , Xinran He , David Kale , Liron Cohen

We study MinMax solution methods for a general class of optimization problems related to (and including) optimal transport. Theoretically, the focus is on fitting a large class of problems into a single MinMax framework and generalizing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-10-23 Luca De Gennaro Aquino , Stephan Eckstein

Systematic compositionality is the ability to recombine meaningful units with regular and predictable outcomes, and it's seen as key to humans' capacity for generalization in language. Recent work has studied systematic compositionality in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-20 João Loula , Marco Baroni , Brenden M. Lake

Relational properties arise in many settings: relating two versions of a program that use different data representations, noninterference properties for security, etc. The main ingredient of relational verification, relating aligned pairs…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-11-29 Anindya Banerjee , David A. Naumann , Mohammad Nikouei

This paper outlines a general formal framework for reasoning systems, intended to support future analysis of inference architectures across domains. We model reasoning systems as structured tuples comprising phenomena, explanation space,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Saleh Nikooroo , Thomas Engel

Reproducibility is one of the core dimensions that concur to deliver Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence. Broadly speaking, reproducibility can be defined as the possibility to reproduce the same or a similar experiment or method, thereby…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Riccardo Albertoni , Sara Colantonio , Piotr Skrzypczyński , Jerzy Stefanowski

Coherent structures emerge from the dynamics of many kinds of dissipative, externally driven, nonlinear systems, and continue to provoke new questions that challenge our physical and mathematical understanding. In one specific sub-class of…

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Physics 2010-08-24 Jonathan Dawes

This paper deals with a modifed iterative projection method for approximating a solution of hierarchical fixed point problems for nearly nonexpansive mappings. Some strong convergence theorems for the proposed method are presented under…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2014-03-17 Ibrahim Karahan , Murat Ozdemir

Rational approximations are introduced and studied in granular graded rough sets and generalizations thereof by the first author in recent research papers. The concept of rationality is determined by related ontologies and coherence between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-11-01 A Mani , Sushmita Mitra

We study combinatorial configurations with the associated point and line graphs being strongly regular. Examples not belonging to known classes such as partial geometries and their generalizations or elliptic semiplanes are constructed.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-30 Marién Abreu , Martin Funk , Vedran Krčadinac , Domenico Labbate

General issues concerning the regularization of supersymmetric theories using dimensional regularization and dimensional reduction are reviewed. Recent progress on problems of dimensional reduction related to factorization, supersymmetry,…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-11-11 Dominik Stöckinger

LECTURE GIVEN AT TH2002. Given a set of Boolean variables, and some constraints between them, is it possible to find a configuration of the variables which satisfies all constraints? This problem, which is at the heart of combinatorial…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-07 Marc Mezard

We document a connection between constraint reasoning and probabilistic reasoning. We present an algorithm, called {em probabilistic arc consistency}, which is both a generalization of a well known algorithm for arc consistency used in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-18 Michael C. Horsch , Bill Havens

Many quantities that characterize network elements are defined in an explicit form and calculated directly from the network structure; examples of include several centrality measures like degree, closeness, or betweenness. However, there…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-01-08 János Török , Takashi Shimada , Fumiko Ogushi , Kata Tunyogi , János Kertész , Kimmo Kaski

The concept of distance rationalizability of social choice rules has been explored in recent years by several authors. We deal here with several foundational questions, and unify, correct, and generalize previous work. For example, we study…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-10-07 Benjamin Hadjibeyli , Mark C. Wilson

Uncertainty estimation in machine learning has traditionally focused on the prediction stage, aiming to quantify confidence in model outputs while treating learned representations as deterministic and reliable by default. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-20 Yiyao Yang

We investigate regular realizability (RR) problems, which are the problems of verifying whether intersection of a regular language -- the input of the problem -- and fixed language called filter is non-empty. In this paper we focus on the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-04-23 Alexander A. Rubtsov , Mikhail N. Vyalyi

Satisfiability is a classic problem in computational complexity theory, in which one wishes to determine whether an assignment of values to a collection of Boolean variables exists in which all of a collection of clauses composed of logical…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 S. N. Coppersmith

We study the regularization ambiguities in an exact renormalized (1+1)-dimensional field theory. We show a relation between the regularization ambiguities and the coupling parameters of the theory as well as their role in the implementation…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-11-05 R. Casana , B. M. Pimentel