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Mixture-of-experts networks (MoEs) have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in modern deep learning. Despite their empirical success, the theoretical foundations underlying their ability to model complex tasks remain poorly understood. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Mingze Wang , Weinan E

Mixture-of-experts (MoE) models provide a flexible statistical framework for modeling heterogeneity and nonlinear relationships. In many modern applications, however, datasets are naturally distributed across multiple machines due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Faïcel Chamroukhi , Nhat Thien Pham

Mixture of experts (MoE) model is a statistical machine learning design that aggregates multiple expert networks using a softmax gating function in order to form a more intricate and expressive model. Despite being commonly used in several…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-25 Huy Nguyen , Nhat Ho , Alessandro Rinaldo

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is a flexible framework that combines multiple specialized submodels (``experts''), by assigning covariate-dependent weights (``gating functions'') to each expert, and have been commonly used for analyzing…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-06 Qicheng Zhao , Celia M. T. Greenwood , Qihuang Zhang

A useful strategy to deal with complex classification scenarios is the "divide and conquer" approach. The mixture of experts (MOE) technique makes use of this strategy by joinly training a set of classifiers, or experts, that are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-05-30 Billy Peralta

Mixture of Experts (MoE) are successful models for modeling heterogeneous data in many statistical learning problems including regression, clustering and classification. Generally fitted by maximum likelihood estimation via the well-known…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-30 Faicel Chamroukhi , Bao-Tuyen Huynh

Mixture of Experts (MoE) is a popular framework for modeling heterogeneity in data for regression, classification, and clustering. For regression and cluster analyses of continuous data, MoE usually use normal experts following the Gaussian…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-01-26 Faicel Chamroukhi

Machine learning models often need to adapt to new data after deployment due to structured or unstructured real-world dynamics. The Continual Learning (CL) framework enables continuous model adaptation, but most existing approaches either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Connor Mclaughlin , Nigel Lee , Lili Su

Mixture of experts (MoE) has recently emerged as an effective framework to advance the efficiency and scalability of machine learning models by softly dividing complex tasks among multiple specialized sub-models termed experts. Central to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-06 Huy Nguyen , Nhat Ho , Alessandro Rinaldo

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models have become central to scaling large language models, yet their mechanistic differences from dense networks remain poorly understood. Previous work has explored how dense models use \textit{superposition} to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Marmik Chaudhari , Jeremi Nuer , Rome Thorstenson

Artificial intelligence (AI) has achieved astonishing successes in many domains, especially with the recent breakthroughs in the development of foundational large models. These large models, leveraging their extensive training data, provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Siyuan Mu , Sen Lin

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models constitute a widely utilized class of ensemble learning approaches in statistics and machine learning, known for their flexibility and computational efficiency. They have become integral components in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-26 Tuan Thai , TrungTin Nguyen , Dat Do , Nhat Ho , Christopher Drovandi

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model uses a set of expert networks that specialize on subsets of a dataset under the supervision of a gating network. A common issue in MoE architectures is ``expert collapse'' where overlapping class…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Abien Fred Agarap , Arnulfo P. Azcarraga

The mixture of experts (MoE) model is a versatile framework for predictive modeling that has gained renewed interest in the age of large language models. A collection of predictive ``experts'' is learned along with a ``gating function''…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-14 Oh-Ran Kwon , Gourab Mukherjee , Jacob Bien

Product models of low dimensional experts are a powerful way to avoid the curse of dimensionality. We present the ``under-complete product of experts' (UPoE), where each expert models a one dimensional projection of the data. The UPoE is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-12-12 Max Welling , Richard S. Zemel , Geoffrey E. Hinton

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale large language models efficiently by sparsely activating experts, but once an expert is selected, it is executed fully. Hence, the trade-off between accuracy and computation in an MoE model typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Nurbek Tastan , Stefanos Laskaridis , Karthik Nandakumar , Samuel Horvath

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) for language models has been proven effective in augmenting the capacity of models by dynamically routing each input token to a specific subset of experts for processing. Despite the success, most existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Hao Zhao , Zihan Qiu , Huijia Wu , Zili Wang , Zhaofeng He , Jie Fu

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language models dramatically expand model capacity and achieve remarkable performance without increasing per-token compute. However, can MoEs surpass dense architectures under strictly equal resource constraints --…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Houyi Li , Ka Man Lo , Shijie Xuyang , Ziqi Wang , Wenzhen Zheng , Haocheng Zhang , Zhao Li , Shuigeng Zhou , Xiangyu Zhang , Daxin Jiang

Estimating accurate and well-calibrated predictive uncertainty is important for enhancing the reliability of computer vision models, especially in safety-critical applications like traffic scene perception. While ensemble methods are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Svetlana Pavlitska , Beyza Keskin , Alwin Faßbender , Christian Hubschneider , J. Marius Zöllner

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered unprecedented advancements across diverse fields, ranging from natural language processing to computer vision and beyond. The prowess of LLMs is underpinned by their substantial model size,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Weilin Cai , Juyong Jiang , Fan Wang , Jing Tang , Sunghun Kim , Jiayi Huang