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Quantum mechanics is strictly incompatible with local realism. It has been shown by Bell and others that it is possible, in principle, to experimentally differentiate between local realism and quantum mechanics. Numerous experiments have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-24 Patrick Fraser , Barry Sanders

We reveal that the entropic uncertainty relation with a quantum memory is able to intrinsically connect local generic contextuality addressed in the pioneering work by Spekkens and nonlocal quantum resources such as entanglement and Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Wei Li , Min-Xuan Zhou , Yun-Hao Shi , Z. D. Wang , Heng Fan , Yan-Kui Bai

The possibility to test experimentally the Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem is investigated critically, following the demonstrations by Meyer, Kent and Clifton-Kent that the predictions of quantum mechanics are indistinguishable (up to arbitrary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-10 Andreas Winter

The Kochen--Specker (KS) theorem reveals the nonclassicality of single quantum systems. In contrast, Bell's theorem and entanglement concern the nonclassicality of composite quantum systems. Accordingly, unlike incompatibility, entanglement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-25 Victoria J Wright , Ravi Kunjwal

Quantum mechanics admits correlations that cannot be explained by local realistic models. Those most studied are the standard local hidden variable models, which satisfy the well-known Bell inequalities. To date, most works have focused on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-01 Dylan J. Saunders , Adam J. Bennet , Cyril Branciard , Geoff J. Pryde

The Kochen-Specker theorem theoretically shows evidence of the incompatibility of noncontextual hidden variable theories with quantum mechanics. Quantum contextuality is a more general concept than quantum non-locality which is quite well…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-08-05 Yuji Hasegawa , Katharina Durstberger-Rennhofer , Stephan Sponar , Helmut Rauch

It is a fundamental prediction of quantum theory that states of physical systems are described by complex vectors or density operators on a Hilbert space. However, many experiments admit effective descriptions in terms of other state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-04 Markus P. Mueller , Andrew J. P. Garner

We present and experimentally demonstrate a novel non-classical phenomenon, bi-contextuality, observed in quantum systems prepared by two independent sources. This discovery plays a key role in the developing framework of network…

Recent work has extended Bell's theorem by quantifying the amount of communication required to simulate entangled quantum systems with classical information. The general scenario is that a bipartite measurement is given from a set of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 Serge Massar , Dave Bacon , Nicolas Cerf , Richard Cleve

Quantum nonlocality is presented often as the most remarkable and inexplicable phenomenon known to modern science which was confirmed in the experiments proving the violation of Bell Inequalities (BI). It has been known already for a long…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-09 Marian Kupczynski

Recent experiments have demonstrated ququart state-independent quantum contextuality and qutrit state-dependent quantum contextuality. So far, the most basic form of quantum contextuality pointed out by Kochen and Specker, and Bell, has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-03-06 Adan Cabello , Elias Amselem , Kate Blanchfield , Mohamed Bourennane , Ingemar Bengtsson

Contextuality, the impossibility of assigning a single random variable to represent the outcomes of the same measurement procedure under different experimental conditions, is a central aspect of quantum mechanics. Thus defined, it appears…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-02-17 J. Acacio de Barros , Gary Oas

Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem states that a non-contextual hidden-variable theory cannot completely reproduce the predictions of quantum mechanics. Asher Peres gave a remarkably simple proof of quantum contextuality in a four-dimensional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Md Manirul Ali , Sovik Roy

Bell nonlocality and Kochen-Specker contextuality are two remarkable nonclassical features of quantum theory, related to strong correlations between outcomes of measurements performed on quantum systems. Both phenomena can be witnessed by…

Contextuality provides a unifying paradigm for nonclassical aspects of quantum probabilities and resources of quantum information. Unfortunately, most forms of quantum contextuality remain experimentally unexplored due to the difficulty of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-02 Adán Cabello

Bell's theorem has fascinated physicists and philosophers since his 1964 paper, which was written in response to the 1935 paper of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen. Bell's theorem and its many extensions have led to the claim that quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-03 Stephen Boughn

Our everyday experiences support the hypothesis that physical systems exist independently of the act of observation. Concordant theories are characterized by the objective realism assumption whereby the act of measurement simply reveals…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-05 Jayne Thompson , Pawel Kurzynski , Su-Yong Lee , Akihito Soeda , Dagomir Kaszlikowski

Bell inequalities play a central role in the study of quantum non-locality and entanglement, with many applications in quantum information. Despite the huge literature on Bell inequalities, it is not easy to find a clear conceptual answer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-06-21 Samson Abramsky , Lucien Hardy

Contextuality is a distinctive feature of quantum theory and a fundamental resource for quantum computation. However, existing examples of contextuality in high-dimensional systems lack the necessary robustness required in experiments. Here…

We propose two quantum experiments - modified Bell tests - that could detect contextual hidden variables underlying quantum mechanics. The experiments are inspired by hydrodynamic pilot-wave systems that mimic a wide range of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-15 Konstantinos Papatryfonos , Louis Vervoort