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Different types of reasoning impose different structural demands on representational systems, yet no systematic account of these demands exists across psychology, AI, and philosophy of mind. I propose a framework identifying four structural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yiling Wu

This paper studies the modal logical aspects of provability predicates and consistency statements for theories of arithmetic. First, we provide an overview of previous works on the correspondence between various derivability conditions for…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-11-20 Haruka Kogure , Taishi Kurahashi

Different from the view that information is objective reality, this paper adopts the idea that all information needs to be compiled by the interpreter before it can be observed. From the traditional complexity definition, this paper defines…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Zhifeng Ma , Tianyi Wu , Zhangang Han

Mechanistic interpretability (MI) is an emerging framework for interpreting neural networks. Given a task and model, MI aims to discover a succinct algorithmic process, an interpretation, that explains the model's decision process on that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Alan Sun , Mariya Toneva

The provability logic of a theory T is the set of modal formulas, which under any arithmetical realization are provable in T . We slightly modify this notion by requiring the arithmetical realizations to come from a specified set $\Gamma$.…

Logic · Mathematics 2020-06-19 Thomas F. Icard , Joost J. Joosten

We introduce a new version of arithmetic in all finite types which extends the usual versions with primitive notions of extensionality and extensional equality. This new hybrid version allows us to formulate a strong form of extensionality,…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-10-26 Benno van den Berg

Interpretability is an elusive but highly sought-after characteristic of modern machine learning methods. Recent work has focused on interpretability via $\textit{explanations}$, which justify individual model predictions. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 David Alvarez-Melis , Hal Daumé , Jennifer Wortman Vaughan , Hanna Wallach

Argumentation is a promising model for reasoning with uncertain knowledge. The key concept of acceptability enables to differentiate arguments and counterarguments: The certainty of a proposition can then be evaluated through the most…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-01 Leila Amgoud , Claudette Cayrol

We introduce and study several notions of computability-theoretic reducibility between subsets of $\omega$ that are "robust" in the sense that if only partial information is available about the oracle, then partial information can be…

Logic · Mathematics 2014-06-12 Damir Dzhafarov , Gregory Igusa

We consider basic conceptual questions concerning the relationship between statistical estimation and causal inference. Firstly, we show how to translate causal inference problems into an abstract statistical formalism without requiring any…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-07-22 Oliver J. Maclaren , Ruanui Nicholson

A description is an entity that can be interpreted as true or false of an object, and using feature structures as descriptions accrues several computational benefits. In this paper, I create an explicit interpretation of a typed feature…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Paul John King

Interpretable classification models are built with the purpose of providing a comprehensible description of the decision logic to an external oversight agent. When considered in isolation, a decision tree, a set of classification rules, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-18 Riccardo Guidotti , Salvatore Ruggieri

The term {\em meta-programming} refers to the ability of writing programs that have other programs as data and exploit their semantics. The aim of this paper is presenting a methodology allowing us to perform a correct termination analysis…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Alexander Serebrenik , Danny De Schreye

In a recent paper, Enayat and Le lyk [2024] show that second order arithmetic and countable set theory are not definitionally equivalent. It is well known that these theories are biinterpretable. Thus, we have a pair of natural theories…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-08-07 Jason Chen , Toby Meadows

Modelling qualitative uncertainty in formal argumentation is essential both for practical applications and theoretical understanding. Yet, most of the existing works focus on \textit{abstract} models for arguing with uncertainty. Following…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Carlo Proietti , Antonio Yuste-Ginel

Computability on uncountable sets has no standard formalization, unlike that on countable sets, which is given by Turing machines. Some of the approaches to define computability in these sets rely on order-theoretic structures to translate…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-11-20 Pedro Hack , Daniel A. Braun , Sebastian Gottwald

The task of natural language inference (NLI) asks whether a given premise (expressed in NL) entails a given NL hypothesis. NLI benchmarks contain human ratings of entailment, but the meaning relationships driving these ratings are not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Juri Opitz , Shira Wein , Julius Steen , Anette Frank , Nathan Schneider

We introduce a notion of realizability with ordinal Turing machines based on recognizability rather than computability, i.e., the ability to uniquely identify an object. We show that the arising concept of $r$-realizabilty has the property…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-08-14 Merlin Carl

Recently, it has been emphasized that the possibility theory framework allows us to distinguish between i) what is possible because it is not ruled out by the available knowledge, and ii) what is possible for sure. This distinction may be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-07 Salem Benferhat , Didier Dubois , Souhila Kaci , Henri Prade

We study the interpretability of conditional probability estimates for binary classification under the agnostic setting or scenario. Under the agnostic setting, conditional probability estimates do not necessarily reflect the true…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-01 Yihan Gao , Aditya Parameswaran , Jian Peng