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We propose a model of a learning agent whose interaction with the environment is governed by a simulation-based projection, which allows the agent to project itself into future situations before it takes real action. Projective simulation…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2015-03-19 Hans J. Briegel , Gemma De las Cuevas

This paper introduces a quantum framework for addressing reinforcement learning (RL) tasks, grounded in the quantum principles and leveraging a fully quantum model of the classical Markov decision process (MDP). By employing quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Thet Htar Su , Shaswot Shresthamali , Masaaki Kondo

Reinforcement learning (RL) studies how an agent comes to achieve reward in an environment through interactions over time. Recent advances in machine RL have surpassed human expertise at the world's oldest board games and many classic video…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Pedro A. Tsividis , Joao Loula , Jake Burga , Nathan Foss , Andres Campero , Thomas Pouncy , Samuel J. Gershman , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

In recent years, quantum-enhanced machine learning has emerged as a particularly fruitful application of quantum algorithms, covering aspects of supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning. Reinforcement learning offers numerous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-03 A. Hamann , V. Dunjko , S. Wölk

The concept of an embodied intelligent agent is a key concept in modern artificial intelligence and robotics. Physically, an agent is an open system embedded in an environment that it interacts with through sensors and actuators. It…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-17 Michael. J. Kewming , Sally Shrapnel , Gerard. J. Milburn

The key approaches for machine learning, especially learning in unknown probabilistic environments are new representations and computation mechanisms. In this paper, a novel quantum reinforcement learning (QRL) method is proposed by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-10-22 Daoyi Dong , Chunlin Chen , Hanxiong Li , Tzyh-Jong Tarn

Variational quantum algorithms show potential in effectively operating on noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. A novel variational approach to reinforcement learning has been recently proposed, incorporating linear-optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-18 Giacomo Franceschetto , Arno Ricou

Machine learning with artificial neural networks is revolutionizing science. The most advanced challenges require discovering answers autonomously. This is the domain of reinforcement learning, where control strategies are improved…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-03 Thomas Fösel , Petru Tighineanu , Talitha Weiss , Florian Marquardt

In recent years, reinforcement learning (RL) has become increasingly successful in its application to science and the process of scientific discovery in general. However, while RL algorithms learn to solve increasingly complex problems,…

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a learning paradigm concerned with learning to control a system so as to maximize an objective over the long term. This approach to learning has received immense interest in recent times and success manifests…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-26 Sanyam Kapoor

Quantum policy evaluation (QPE) is a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm which is quadratically more efficient than an analogous classical Monte Carlo estimation. It makes use of a direct quantum mechanical realization of a finite Markov…

In the last decade quantum machine learning has provided fascinating and fundamental improvements to supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning. In reinforcement learning, a so-called agent is challenged to solve a task given by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-13 Arne Hamann , Sabine Wölk

Quantum Machine Learning (QML) is a young but rapidly growing field where quantum information meets machine learning. Here, we will introduce a new QML model generalizing the classical concept of Reinforcement Learning to the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Nicola Dalla Pozza , Lorenzo Buffoni , Stefano Martina , Filippo Caruso

Learning a control policy capable of adapting to time-varying and potentially evolving system dynamics has been a great challenge to the mainstream reinforcement learning (RL). Mainly, the ever-changing system properties would continuously…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Po-Hsiang Chiu , Manfred Huber

Humans leverage rich internal models of the world to reason about the future, imagine counterfactuals, and adapt flexibly to new situations. In Reinforcement Learning (RL), world models aim to capture how the environment evolves in response…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Léopold Maytié , Roland Bertin Johannet , Rufin VanRullen

The ability to prepare a physical system in a desired quantum state is central to many areas of physics such as nuclear magnetic resonance, cold atoms, and quantum computing. Yet, preparing states quickly and with high fidelity remains a…

In recent years, the interest in leveraging quantum effects for enhancing machine learning tasks has significantly increased. Many algorithms speeding up supervised and unsupervised learning were established. The first framework in which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Walter L. Boyajian , Jens Clausen , Lea M. Trenkwalder , Vedran Dunjko , Hans J. Briegel

Quantum control is concerned with the realisation of desired dynamics in quantum systems, serving as a linchpin for advancing quantum technologies and fundamental research. Analytic approaches and standard optimisation algorithms do not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-29 Jan Ole Ernst , Aniket Chatterjee , Tim Franzmeyer , Axel Kuhn

A scheme that successfully employs quantum mechanics in the design of autonomous learning agents has recently been reported in the context of the projective simulation (PS) model for artificial intelligence. In that approach, the key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-03 Vedran Dunjko , Nicolai Friis , Hans J. Briegel

Quantum computers can offer dramatic improvements over classical devices for data analysis tasks such as prediction and classification. However, less is known about the advantages that quantum computers may bring in the setting of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-10 Vedran Dunjko , Yi-Kai Liu , Xingyao Wu , Jacob M. Taylor