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Primary proton-air interactions at ultra-high energies leave a physically interpretable imprint on the correlated fluctuations of the depth of shower maximum and the muon content in extensive air showers. This imprint reflects the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-02-26 Lorenzo Cazon , Ruben Conceição , Miguel Alexandre Martins , Felix Riehn

The mass composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays is an open problem in astroparticle physics. It is usually inferred from the depth of the shower maximum (Xmax) of cosmic-ray showers, which is only ambiguously determined by modern…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-06-23 Jakub Vícha , Alena Bakalová , Ana L. Müller , Olena Tkachenko , Maximilian K. Stadelmaier

We propose a method to extract high-energy hadronic interaction properties from the distributions of two of the main observables of proton extensive air showers: the depth of maximum shower development, $X_\mathrm{max}$, and the number of…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2024-01-05 Isabel Astrid Goos , Xavier Bertou , Tanguy Pierog

Ground based observations appear to indicate that Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) of the highest energies (>10^{18.7} eV) consist of heavy particles -- shower depth and muon production data both pointing towards this conclusion. On…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-09-18 S. Romanopoulos , V. Pavlidou , T. Tomaras

Hadronic cross sections at ultra-high energy have a significant impact on the development of extensive air shower cascades. Therefore the interpretation of air shower data depends critically on hadronic interaction models that extrapolate…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2009-12-08 Ralf Ulrich , Ralph Engel , Steffen Müller , Fabian Schüssler , Michael Unger

The description of high-energy hadronic interactions plays an important role in the (astrophysical) interpretation of air shower data. The parameter space important for the development of air showers (energy and kinematical range) extends…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-30 J. R. Hoerandel

The Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina provides the largest data sample of the cosmic ray events with energy above 10$^{18}$ eV. These high energy events can be used to test our understanding of the hadronic interactions at energies…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 Petr Travnicek

Indications of a discrepancy between simulations and data on the number of muons in cosmic ray (CR) showers exist over a large span of energies. We focus in particular on the excess of multi-muon bundles observed by the DELPHI detector at…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-03-08 Jan Ebr , Petr Necesal , Jan Ridky

In this article, I will review how observations performed with extensive air showers are being used to probe hadronic interactions at high energy. I will briefly overview the new studies exploring the connection between the dynamics of air…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2019-09-09 Lorenzo Cazon

The recent observations of muon charge ratio up to about 10 TeV and of atmospheric neutrinos up to energies of about 400 TeV has triggered a renewed interest into the high-energy interaction models and cosmic ray primary composition. A…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2013-04-23 Anatoli Fedynitch , Julia Becker Tjus , Paolo Desiati

Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays with energies above ~ 10^18 eV provide an unique window to study hadronic interactions at energies well above those achieved in the largest man-made accelerators. We argue that at those energies string…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2012-10-01 J. Alvarez-Muñiz , L. Cazon , R. Conceição , J. Dias de Deus , C. Pajares , M. Pimenta

Cosmic rays interacting with the atmosphere allow for the probing of fundamental interactions at ultra-high energies. We thus obtain limits on strongly coupled new physics models via their imprints on cosmic-ray air showers. Using the Monte…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2019-11-11 Peter Schichtel , Michael Spannowsky , Philip Waite

We study the influence of shower fluctuations, and the possible presence of different nuclear species in the primary cosmic ray spectrum, on the experimental determination of both shower energy and the proton air inelastic cross section…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-05-12 Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz , Ralph Engel , T. K. Gaisser , Jeferson A. Ortiz , Todor Stanev

A Monte Carlo generator of high energy cosmic ray interactions, relying on a very basic and transparent theoretical formalism, in the framework of the Reggeon Field Theory, is presented. The main motivation for our work is to provide a new…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-03-16 Sergey Ostapchenko , Tanguy Pierog , Günter Sigl

The data of cosmic ray NEVOD-DECOR experiment on the investigation of inclined muon bundles for a long time period (May 2012 - March 2021) are presented. The analysis showed that the observed intensity of muon bundles at primary cosmic ray…

The excess of muons observed in ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray air showers relative to simulation predictions, known as the muon puzzle, provides indirect evidence of our incomplete understanding of high-energy hadronic interactions. An…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-03-10 Ken Ohashi , Anatoli Fedynitch , Hiroaki Menjo

We demonstrate that the shower-to-shower fluctuations of the muon content of extensive air showers correlate with the fluctuations of a variable of the first interaction of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays, which is computed from the fraction…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2018-07-25 Lorenzo Cazon , Ruben Conceição , Felix Riehn

The surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory provides information about the longitudinal development of the muonic component of extensive air showers. Using the timing information from the flash analog-to-digital converter…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2015-08-12 Pierre Auger Collaboration

Data from multiple experiments suggest that the current interaction models used in Monte Carlo simulations do not correctly reproduce the hadronic interactions in air showers produced by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR). We have…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-05-06 Jan Ebr , Jiří Blažek , Jakub Vícha , Tanguy Pierog , Eva Santos , Petr Trávníček , Nikolas Denner , Ralf Ulrich

An important approach to studying high-energy cosmic rays is the investigation of the properties of extensive air showers; however, the lateral distribution of particles in simulations of such showers strongly depends on the applied model…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-14 Marek Szuba