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Primordial black holes (PBHs) may have formed in the early Universe and may account for all or part of the dark matter. In this review, we summarize the current observational constraints on PBHs across the full mass range, highlight…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-02 Bernard Carr , Antonio J. Iovino , Gabriele Perna , Ville Vaskonen , Hardi Veermäe

We consider the formation of primordial black holes (PBHs), during the radiation-dominated Universe, generated from the collapse of super-horizon curvature fluctuations that are overlapped with others on larger scales. Using a set of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-06-26 Albert Escrivà , Chul-Moon Yoo

Primordial black holes (PBHs) are a profound signature of primordial cosmological structures and provide a theoretical tool to study nontrivial physics of the early Universe. The mechanisms of PBH formation are discussed and observational…

Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-18 M. Yu. Khlopov

Primordial black holes (PBHs) may have formed through the gravitational collapse of cosmological perturbations that were generated and stretched during the inflationary era, later entering the cosmological horizon during the decelerating…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-12-03 Tomohiro Harada

Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) are, typically light, black holes which can form in the early Universe. There are a number of formation mechanisms, including the collapse of large density perturbations, cosmic string loops and bubble…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-04-07 Anne M. Green

Primordial black holes (PBHs) may form in the early universe when pre-existing adiabatic density fluctuations enter into the cosmological horizon and recollapse. It has been suggested that PBH formation may be facilitated when fluctuations…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 K. Jedamzik , J. C. Niemeyer

Primordial black holes (PBHs) may be part of the dark matter. It is shown here that PBHs form more easily during cosmic phase transitions. For approximately scale-invariant primordial curvature fluctuations the PBH mass function may…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-06-18 Karsten Jedamzik

Primordial black holes (PBH) can form in the early Universe from peaks of the primordial curvature perturbations. The statistics of the peaks determines the abundance of PBHs, and is related to the amplitude of the primordial curvature…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-07-09 Alexander Gallego Cadavid , Antonio Enea Romano

Primordial black holes (PBHs) can form from gravitational collapse of large overdensities in the early Universe, giving rise to rich phenomena in astrophysics and cosmology. We develop a novel, general, and systematic method based on theory…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-09 Shi Pi , Misao Sasaki , Volodymyr Takhistov , Jianing Wang

In this chapter we first describe the early history of primordial black hole (PBH) research. We then discuss their possible formation mechanisms, including critical collapse from inflationary fluctuations and various types of phase…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-02-24 Bernard Carr , Florian Kuhnel

Primordial black holes (PBHs) can form in the early Universe from the collapse of rare, large density fluctuations. They have never been observed, but this fact is enough to constrain the amplitude of fluctuations on very small scales which…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2013-09-20 Sam Young , Christian T. Byrnes

Primordial black holes, which could have been formed in the very early Universe due to the collapse of large curvature fluctuations, are nowadays one of the most attractive and fascinating research areas in cosmology for their possible…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-01-27 Albert Escrivà

Primordial black holes (PBHs) are a compelling dark matter candidate and a unique probe of small-scale cosmological fluctuations. Their formation is usually attributed to large positive curvature perturbations, which collapse upon Hubble…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-24 Cristian Joana , Zi-Yan Yuwen

Primordial black holes (PBHs) are theoretical black holes which may be formed during the radiation dominant era and, basically, caused by the gravitational collapse of radiational overdensities. It has been well known that in the context of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-26 Yuichiro Tada , Shuichiro Yokoyama

Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) have entered the forefront of theoretical cosmology, due their potential role in phenomena ranging from gravitational waves, to dark matter, to galaxy formation. While producing PBHs from inflationary…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-01-12 Keisuke Inomata , Evan McDonough , Wayne Hu

Small black holes should have formed in the early Universe if the density contrast was high enough. This article aims at giving a - biased and partial - short overview of the latest breakthroughs in this field. It first deals with tentative…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 G. Boudoul , A. Barrau

Scalar condensates with large expectation values can form in the early universe, for example, in theories with supersymmetry. The condensate can undergo fragmentation into Q-balls before decaying. If the Q-balls dominate the energy density…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2017-11-15 Eric Cotner , Alexander Kusenko

Recent developments in the study of primordial black holes (PBHs) will be reviewed, with particular emphasis on their formation and evaporation. PBHs could provide a unique probe of the early Universe, gravitational collapse, high energy…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-24 B. J. Carr

With the direct discovery of gravitational waves, black holes have regain interest in the recent years. In particular primordial black holes (PBHs), which originate from the very early Universe, may constitute (at least in part) dark…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-05-15 Alexandre Arbey

Primordial black holes (PBHs) represent a natural candidate for one of the components of the dark matter (DM) in the Universe. In this review, we shall discuss the basics of their formation, abundance and signatures. Some of their…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-03 Pablo Villanueva-Domingo , Olga Mena , Sergio Palomares-Ruiz
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